Facebook, Hypermediacy, Performance and Interaction Essay

While forever and a day being a im historic period extremely difficult to coherently and comprehensively define or describe, individuation operator requires increasingly elusive in our post ultramodern era, in p impostureicular since the advent of the Internet and the wide range of possibilities created by this colossal informational nedeucerk. In our planetary village, a freshly form of individualism must be added to the previous taxonomies (Giddens Anthony). genius in which relativity and fluidness stool pose signifi stoptly much congenital, in order to ensure and describe it then was the case with its predecessors. This is what is usu altogethery called online or digital identity.This belief is strongly connected with that of online or virtual communities, spaces of mixer inter carry through in which the concept of intermediation plays a central role. tear down though, as Giddens states, intimately all human experience is mediated through complaisantizatio n and in finical the acquisition of language not until the advent of the informational era did mediation play such an important role in human communicating (Giddens, 23). As McLuhan clearly states The medium is the core, unity of the essential possesss in understanding the concept of online identity (McLuhan Marshall, 7).Various forms such an identity obtains in the stage setting of a detail online association, a companionable network called Facebook, are analyzed in this essay. Though thither are detectable oppose sociological implications to Facebook concerning retirement and online identity, (DONT ANNOUNCE LIKE THIS. state of matter YOUR THESIS, not THAT YOU WILL IDENTIFY SOMETHING BUT EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT TO PROVE the look into here provide identify ) the online network isIS largely sociologically serious by providing a positive assemblage for complaisant planning, federation transcription and general communication.OTHERWISE, THE THESIS LOO9KS GOOD, JUST ST ICK TO THE PLAN IN IT Facebooks initial model revolved primarily around the courtship of those now affiliated with universities. Facebook was launched on February 4, 2004 and until September 11, 2006, it was comprised entirely of individuals with active university email addresses, with mellow shoals and corporations soon being added to the mix (Wikipedia). Today, Facebook is a network accessible to anybody with a valid email address.However, Facebooks operational premise awaits commonwealth to disclose original details regarding themselves that will forfeit them to be located by coadjutors. Certainly, an increasingly valid rehearse of Facebook has been its role in reconnecting lapsed fri extirpateships or acquaintances. Therefore, DONT USE WE UNLESS YOU ARE A TEAM OF SCIENTISTS. a s our reciprocation turns into AND YOU ARE ANNOUNCING AGAIN ) IN THE recognition of the identity attention issues related to this legal and valid self-presentation will related at unrivaled cartridge clip to , drug user preferences will be a pertinent factorpreferences.Therefore, much of the a priori abstractization here will revolve on this understanding that in spite of opportunities for elastic identity management, this network remains, at least for the time being, a space in which online and legal identities are connected (Giddens). This feature will bring close towhat very matter toing issues concerning the form and nature of the online identity exhibited on Facebook.Particular issues are those concerning the choices which individuals are able to fuddle in the Facebook context which help to formulate identity in ship demeanor which may differ in the purpose and functionality from identity strategies in conventional favorable spheres. This points to some of the main differences between traditional and online identity, with the latter creating certain freedoms from physicality. One cease choose or bypass certain optic regards, burn down report or leave out certain biographic facts and can generally craft an identity which is less dependent on day to day interactions.VAGUE. WHAT ARE THESE ISSUES? , AND WHAT EXACTLY IS THE FORM AND NATURE OF THE ONLINE IDENTIY? STATE IT HERE. An opposite factor of determinant importance in understanding the sociological adjoin of Facebook is its pattern of McLuhansS EXPLAIN WHO HE WAS global village. Marshall McLuhan is maven of the preeminent theorists in communication and media studies, and through the 1950s and 1960s, would command a great deal of foresight in identifying the behaviors of future media systems.In his global village theory, McLuhan envisi aned, a space in which the magnitude of globalization and especially its protean forms of cultural ex alteration couldan be experienced on a personalized level. Since Facebook has been traditionally grounded within university-based networks, many of these already possessing defined internationalist profiles, mavenness can now incur t o experience on a virtual level the powerful dynamics of globalization as they shake off been implicated by technological transition.Individuals create personal networks of contacts which reflect and, sometimes, hitherto expand the international environment in which they pursued their studies. (Ellison, 1143) arising? Before red ink encourage in the analysis of the concept of identity on Facebook, iodin should analyze the notion of profile, YOUR OUTLINE REFERS TO OBJECTS. CLARIFY THAT THERE IS A lodge BETWEEN PROFILE AND OBJECT OR AM I hurt IN ASSUMING THERE IS hotshot the online model of the individual. Firstly, unitary should take into account the searchingion within Facebooks grammar lingo, which provides a distinction DO YOU consider LEXIS?between bearings and actions(Giddens, 47). WHO IS THIS? Social theoriest Anthony Giddens here provides the concept which is fully punish by Facebook, in which the identity which one formulates produces a virtual intention thro ugh which various interactive actions may be executed. The basic intent is the profile itself, from which a tree-like structure of some different(a)(prenominal) objects, ranging from the wall to pictures, videos, the alleged(prenominal) drills, or plain text, emerges. Therefore, Facebook can be seen as a container of various media, form within a profile which represents the individual, the real person hidden d throw the screen.The profile can be considered a virtual body representation of the individual kickoff? a representation connected with other profiles, images of other individuals, joined together in various associative networks. (Giddens, 48) The focus is in general on the tree-like organized strata of media which separates individuals connected on Facebook be progress to it is essential to stress on both the distance and closure between individuals which is created in such instances of communication, the much-discussed (within the context of globalization) new spat ial logic the spontaneous dispersion and concentration via information technologies. (Castells Manuel, 419). In other words, at first one has to notice the insularism of the concepts of space and place. in (our CUT THIS) contemporary understanding of THE sociable landscape. commonwealth from various locations can interact on Facebook almost simultaneously. This competency be considered as bringing them closer regardless of the physical distance subsisting between them.Yet, one must always remember to take into term also the very substance of the profile a collage of media, an generation into post-modernism of what Giddens calls one of the two basic features of mediated experience in conditions of modernity the collage encumbrance. (Giddens 26). In other words, the identity presented by individuals to one some other can be considered a highly dependentive work of art, creating sometimes large discrepancies between self-identity and the online identity perceive by other s.Therefore, in contrast with the disclosure effect WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY end EFFECT? , at that place is also a distancing effect created by Facebook, an effect which is much elusive mainly because the information is so intensely mediated. The entropy category ACTUALLY IN YOUR OUTLINE, YOU PUT ACTIONS BEFORE OBJECTS. CHANGE every THE OUTLINE OR THE PARAGRAPH ORDER is that of actions the individual can fulfill in this virtual environment. First, one joins Facebook, edits his/hers profile, then starts joining various networks or groups, adds friends and so on.An important feature here is closely connected with the object called wall addressed in the previous paragraph and with the action of plucktal to typography messages on other peoples walls. The distinction between authorship on someones wall and sending a message is that while the message remains private, visible only to the recipient, the message on the walls is visible to everyone connected to the walls owner. It might b e considered one of the external features of the exhibited individual.In this way, a metaphorical image of the physique of identity created by Facebook closely resembles the image of the self from Pink Floyds conceptual album The Wall hidden behind a wall. man-made lake? Furtherto a greater extent, this notion of concealment is transparent also in some other action one can fulfil on Facebook, that of hiding ones ONES very actions, in other words, translating them into the private sphere. In fact, ones actions are promulgated in a so-called News Feed, a virtual newspaper obtainable to all ones friends. reference?(Facebook. com, 1) This inclines consideration of the words of the legendary conceptual artist, Andy Warhol. in the future, Warhol said, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes. (Murphy, 1) Today, Andy Warhol, anthe American artist and a central figure in the movement known as sodium carbonate art might say, one can become famous on Facebook for far more then 15 minutes. SOURCE? However, as tell before, one can also hide ones ONES actions and can decide not to allow them to be published in the friends News Feed.Another important type of actions one can perform on Facebook are the interactive actions. An almost constant and constant exchange between individuals embodys through their profile environment. People are writing on one anothers walls, sending messages, adding comments, sending gifts, analyse themselves with the others through various applications, playing games, virtually being able to perform any action to one another (with the textual Super-Poke, one can order someone to write an essay about Facebook for instance).GOOD good example This aspect will be important later on when the essential role the other has in creating someones identity on Facebook After these initial considerations about the structure and organization of Facebook, it is important, before prosecute further, to turn again to Giddens ideas about the nature of identity in the modern era, ideas which can easily be extended to our post-modern context. Giddens considers the self as a reflexive project, which is continuous, as advantageously as all-pervasive. In other words, self-identity becomes a construct, a personal narrative which tries to bring order and signification from the multiplicity of individual traits and experiences. As he states A persons identity is not to be found in behavior, nor important though it is in the reactions of others, but in the message to keep a particular narrative going. The individuals biography, if she is to maintain regular interaction with others in the day-to-day world, cannot be wholly fictive.It must continually integrate plaints which move on in the external world, and sort them into the on-going story about the self. (Giddens, 75) From the previous posters regarding the expression of Facebook, one could easily understand why the profile can be considered a narrative, a text through which th e individual reflexively creates an identity-image which he/she exhibits in this network. One could apply here the terminology of Arjun Appadurai, one of the founding editors, along with Carol A.Breckenridge, of the journal Public Culture and also the founding theater contributeor of the Chicago Humanities Institute at the University of Chicago, GOOD DETAILS closely THE AUTHOR and call the Facebook profile a mediascape. Appadurai defines mediascapes as image-centered, narrative-based accounts of strips of reality, and further on he states that what they offer to those who experience and transform them is a series of elements (such as character, plots, and textual forms) out of which scripts can be formed of imagined lives, their own as well as those of others living in other places. gossipmonger ON THIS QUOTE This points to the distinction between online and traditional identity formulation, with the online sportsman shown to be more beamly susceptible to this careful and int entional scripting. The alliance of Facebook to its origins as university community networking site is apparent in one of the distinct values of its usage. There is an indicationIn its early stages, VAGUE. WHAT KIND OF INDICATION? DO YOU MEAN A SURVEY? OR RESEARH? that there are many scholarly persons who hadve naturally adopted Facebook as a meeting, socializing or communicating forum which drumheadly affiliates with the campus community.Therefore Facebook serves in its individual network contexts to give students the capacity to establish their own networking capabilities simultaneously connected to the physical and cultural community comprised by the campus or school itself and yet fully independent and un ordained from the universitys standpoint. This can serve to be a very plastic way for students to relate and organize to their own expediency and, absent of the universitys concerted involvement, to the benefit of its culture, community and collective identity.As Hewitt a nd flashy observe, when online communities begin to complement existing channels for social interaction, aspects of everyday practices are a great deal cast into sharp relief as community members integrate new channels of communication into their everyday lives (Hewitt and Forte, 1). Serving to strengthen the internal processes by which members of a university community are able to relate to one another separate from the parameters created by the university the online community can be extraordinarily full in diversifying, liberating and even emotionally accommodating the university experience.Individuals with common social, academic or even romantic interests can use university forums to engage one another within the theoretical confines of the school but outside of its official interactive boundaries. GIVE A REAL-LIFE deterrent example For many students, something such as Facebook allows for the tangible and observable presentation of a community, which, especially for incoming or socially remote students, can be an important arrow signdoorway to groups, activities and concentrate structures within the university.. WHAT IS AN ARROW SIGN?A SIGN OF WHAT? Thus, Facebook can genuinely help one to bridge the gap between a selected identity and a group with which to identify. More everywhere, this is also true of Facebooks alteration to the sociological process of recovery of lost, lapsed or unrealized relationships, whether social, romantic, professional or even convenience. gibely, previous search suggests that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they be possessed of an offline affiliation more than they browse for complete strangers to meet. (Ellison, 1144) Still, Ththe informality of the friend tag in Facebook, allows people to establish online friendship with one who might not qualify as an entry in ones cell phone or a possible consideration for agile recreational plans. The fact that such friendship does not actually require ei ther participant to do anything other than to approve this friendship, allows for the establishment in many cases of a personal network far larger than ones physical social network.This is to say that old acquaintances, such as members of ones high-school graduating class with whom only limited friendly interest is shared, may serve a strictly connective role in ones network. Their presence in ones social network will allow one to be seen by other acquaintances and probable friends. This can serve as a positive hazard to either regenerate lost friendships or even stimulate a friendship where previously only an acquaintanceship existed. GIVE SOME thought process OF THE EXTENT OF THIS NETWORK, SOME REAL EXAMPLES OR STATISTICS.ALSO INDICATE WHETHER YOU care THIS IS A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ASPECT. YOUR THESIS SUGESTTS THE FORMER, BUT YOU make TO SAY SO. Furthermore, SURELY THIS IS A NEGATIVE ASPECT, SO YOU SHOULD USE provided, NOT ? URTHERMORE. However, there is a perceived exposu re simply in ones involvement with Facebook that might instead be seen negatively. One of the biggest drawbacks to the fact that Facebook creates this explicit connection between real and web identities is the hazard that it represents to the users privacy.Even as various parameterssallowing individuals to set privacy terms hiding or only selectively displaying profile details are set in place to protect the individual from observation or contact by an individual not within ones friend network, WHAT ARE THESE PARAMETERS? GIVE EXAMPLES there is evidence of pic within the system. It is not particularly difficult for one so located to procure personal information regarding other Facebook users without the proper authorization. This is a bedevil WHY A BUG?that was most recently revealed by a British tech company which was intended to expose the sites susceptibility to willful penetration, with the programming being infiltrated by professional hackers. Thus, in less than three hours computer programmers working for the BBC programme Click, developed an application for Facebook which they used to discover the details of four users and all their friends. (Cockcroft, 1) Facebook, for its part, has indicated through an unidentified source that any such pic would be counter-intuitive veSTRANGE WORDto the intent of the company and network, and therefore it would work to resolve this particular issue. SOURCE? WHO utter THIS AND WHAT WERE THEY GOING TO DO ABOUT IT? (Cockcroft, 1) On the other hand, such vulnerability may be seen as a programming bug and not a conceptual failure, with Facebooks model being dedicated inherently to the protection of privacy details at the users discretion.. SOURCE? DEFINE THE DIFFERENCE Consequently, this is not an issue which draws much in the way of sociological resolution on the subject.Moreover, speaking in a more sociological sense, another issue concerning Facebook is the inappropriateness of varying user intentions. The concept of online identity is refuted by the fact the Facebook is simultaneously connected to the users legal identity and bound to the virtual world. The result is that users have the opportunity to redefine themselves even in direct connection to details which are inherently bound to the non-virtual world such as relationship status, physical appearance, profession or interests.. SUCH AS?This gives Facebook an obfuscating subject as it related to our ability to comprehend that which is implied by ones Facebook identity.. EXPLAIN Facebook is inherently subject to many of the same usage issues which have always been associated with internet usage. That is, digital identity, like that presented in the Facebook, thrives because it is temporal. You can change your identity at the drop of a hat you can become a liberal or conservative at the push of a button, change your interests and hobbies on a whim. (Stutzman, 1).While this is the kind of identity elasticity for which individuals have o ften placed specific value O onN the opportunities available on the internet, the distinctions (which we have) discussed hered HERE regarding Facebook make this an issue of increasing debate. Particularly, (we are contained) the doubtfulness is asked IS ASKED as to whether or not the fact that Facebooks insistence of seek to connect online and non-virtual identity in ones online presentation, can be a negative pattern due to possible obfuscation by deliberate misrepresentation.An example of this might be ones unauthorized use of anothers account or, far more insidiously, one of the most troubling examples of this might be the infiltration of a school network by a sexual predator. GIVE A pass along EXAMPLE While this is an entitlement right reserved to be determined by the individual, it is one that further blurs the lines of the authenticity of digital identity within the specific context of a network designed to attempt the contrary. Therefore, it is conceivable that Facebook is where in demand(p) by its user, a forum where individual identity can become quite distorted.Thus, if one has selected Facebook as a means of obtaining information about a particular individualwhich is increasingly common in the cases of company public information, occupationally-based background checks or journalistic researchthe presentation of Facebook as connecting to ones legal identity allows the provided information to be seen as valid information. Because this assumption is justified by Facebooks short chronicle though not necessarily by its usersits service to the strategy of law-abiding identity is somewhat questionable.QUOTE AN EXPERT ON THIS As online media theorists Ellison et al note there are clearly some image management problems experienced by students as inform in the press, and the potential does exist for privacy abuses, (p. 1166) Certainly, the(our) research indicates that there is almost an inherent aspect of Facebook which demands that the user constru ct himself or herself in such a fashion as to reflect the desired impression received by others. And certainly, this is an activity which we? WHO?social interactants engage in socially on a moment-to-moment basis at school, at work or even at the train station. touch management is a regular aspect of the way we communicate, interact and otherwise engage social contexts. SOURCE? However, as technology author KelleyWHO IS HE? i Indicates Facebook users attempt to manage the impression others receive of them by snapshot what their interpretation of their performance will be. The structure of Facebook limits the ways people can construct identities and so some users have to creatively modify their performance. (Kelly 13). The prime limitation with Facebook is its static nature in the context, at least in comparison to personal interaction. Undoubtedly, in the traditional context of socializing, we are in a unique position to observe rather than to simply generalize how our impressi on management is received. Thus, we can alter identity perception in a matter of seconds. If one feels that his self-presentation in conversation has produced a misimpression, it is workable to quickly alter ones conduct, verbal approach or some other quality by which interpretation is being gathered. SOURCE?(Koch, 319) In Facebook, one is always seeking to establish an identity which is presumable to promote the widest appeal to all observers, thus serving a more homogenized interest than personal impression management which occurs on an interaction-to-interaction basis. This gives one the opportunity to attempt to deduce a possible collective response, in which a social network is perceived almost as an listening amongst whom common interests or appeals must be identified. SOURCE? (Kock, 320) In this way, identity becomes a target-directed activity in Facebook, almost placing the user in a position of marketing an identity to those in the network.This causes a distinct fight c oncerning the image and identity management which one must generally commit to in order to differentiate professional, personal, social and intimate personas. The concern that Facebook may be observable to ones parent, employer or teacher enters into the discussion here. QUOTE SOMEONE, OR GIVE AN EXAMPLE Accordingly, looking at the standard of information Facebook participants provide about themselves, the relatively overt nature of the information, and the insufficiency of privacy controls enacted by the users, Gross and Acquisti (2005) argue that users may be position themselves at risk both offline (e.g. , stalking) and online (e. g. , identify theft). Other recent Facebook research examines student perceptions of instructor presence and self-disclosure. (Ellison, 1146) Indeed, one of the most challenging nuances of the social networking phenomenon is its variation of social networking by way of its changing of forums. (Ellison, 1146) IS THIS AQUOTE? NAME THE SOURCE It may n ot be accurate to refer to online networking as an reference point of traditional social networking insofar as this context has the capacity to weaken or alter many implicit rules therein.Referring once again to the Hewitt and Forte study, one of the most pertinent examples of the difference here impliedIMPLIED is that individuals choosing to enter into the online community may do so without the types of informal cues, approaches and comforts pertaining to traditional social networking such as facial expressions, vocal intonations and even attire. SUCH A. S? Thus, it occurs that, in the case of university networks especially, faculty members can create Facebook identities and establish friendships with students. This inserts educational instructors into a vantage POINTpoint?to relate directly to studentsor perhaps more problematically, a vantage pointPOINT? from which to observe studentsnot previously afforded them. In consequence, there is a prospective sense amongst student soci al networks that some assault of unspoken social arrangement is facilitated by such networking. To this extent, the issue of ones selected identityfrom the perspective of student and facultymay well be altered strategically in reflection of the awareness that the other party is in a new position of direct observation.That is, because social networking communities are built to support presentation of self, identity management is likely to be a significant issue for participants in communities whose membership crosses perceived social boundaries and organizational power relationships. (Hewitt and Forte, 12) Indeed, it is not of a small gunpoint of importance that there is a separate dynamic of power in the contract between faculty and student that may be jeopardize by the merging of more inherently social contexts.Thus, as it is specifically concerns the issue of identity, this situation raises the concern that intentional misrepresentation may be encouraged. SOURCE? EXAMPLE? More over, as we have identified the preference of activities for users such as the publicizing of events, the posting of photographs and communication with peers, the concept that an instructor is notice is likely to have an inhibitive impact on the presentation of self. SOURCE? (Ellison, 1140) Similarly, the motives for an instructor to present ones self in this context may be cause forinto GRAMMARspeculation as well, suggesting that an interest in spy students has been falsely underplayed in relation to the instructors interest in social engagement.. (Hewitt & Forte, 1)SOURCE? OR EXAMPLE? Though, Facebook does offer many privacy options which allow users to determine who can see what information posting within a profile, with regard to the issue of identity and presentation, such as the protection of age or the prevention of profile views from individuals outside of ones networkDESCRIBE THESE OPTIONS the deconstruction of some social boundaries concerning such limitied factors as g eogrpahyndaries SUCH AS?which have been purposefullyand in some instances usefullyestablished does have an impact on the validity of presented identities. Still, with the issue of identity thrust to the side, there is a notable value (which we can find) in this deconstruction of social boundaries. According to the Hewitt and Forte study, which in 2006 evaluated student behaviors at the Georgia Institute of Technology, two thirds of the students surveyed in their research GIVE FULL DETAILS ABOUT DATES, PLACES, RANGE ETC reported that they are comfortable with faculty on the site.Positive comments tended to focus on the alternate communication channels afforded by the site and on the potential for students to get to know professors better. (Hewitt and Forte, 2) In this way, (quite) in fact, Facebook appears to offer a reconsideration of the dynamic between instructor and student which can actually displease a positive social change. Without question, this interaction is allowing an educational intimacy (improbable)which would be otherwise improbable, with instructors finding a way to enter into a student realm outside of the classroom without necessarily imposing hierarchical demands upon students.FOR EXAMPLE? HAS THIS HAPPENED? These direct contradictions make it increasingly difficult to make a strict argument for certain that Facebooks current usage proclivities have achieved a cultural consensus in terms of sociological impact. That is, where this discussion has focused so significantly on the matter of identity management, there is good cause to suggest that normative behaviors are now only in their infancy. plainly four years old, the remarkable sociological, technological and economic impact of Facebook is belt up being formulated during a continued phase of massive bankers acceptance proliferation. (Ellison, 1140)IS THIS A QUOTE? SOURCE? Therefore, it is uncertain how the near future will shape usage and identity considerations. And in many ways, th is is a direct factor in the distortion of identity which is currently available, and perhaps even encouraged by the current Facebook model.To this extent, while people construct identities in all parts of their lives, this performance is particularly evident on Facebook since the norms of use and interpretation are still being developed for this community. This manifests itself in debates over Facebook etiquette, risks and user rules. (Kelley, 2) This is a set of debates which is still very much underway, and which presumes (for us) tabular array future in which high adoption rates of Facebook will military group continual discussion on the issues of identity here related. promise some resolution. N0T USRE WHAT THIS MEANS.WHY DO HIGH ADOPTION RATES NEED A RESOLUTION? Indeed, as the research here suggests, this resolution is likely to benefit the improved balance for the user of desired image presentation and the demand for accuracy, as it appears that the true social and interac tive benefits of Facebook are realized thusly. Even as individuals attempt to manage impressions that benefit their social or image-based status, there is a definable interest for many in constructing an identity which represents the aspects of ones life which will place them in useful and relevant social networks.It is therefore that we cconcluded AVOID THE WE that there is a positive end in the proliferation of Facebook. Though it is clear that its early stages of development have presented a wide array of new and evolving considerations relating to privacy, social power dynamic and image management, there is nonetheless a direct value to honest representation in the social networking context that suggests this impulse will ultimately direct the further evolution of normative behaviors on Facebook and other online social networking communities. kit and caboodle Cited Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large.Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Ca stells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell Publishers, Massachusetts, 2000. Cockcroft, Lucy. Facebook loophole open to identity thieves. Telegraph. 5 January 2008. 27 April 2008. . Ellison, N. B. Steinfeld, C. & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook friends Social capital and college students use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12(4)., p. 1143-1168. Giddens, Anthony.Modernity and ego- individuation. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991. Facebook. Wikipedia. 28 April 2008. 28 April 2008. . Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991. Hewitt, Anne and Forte, Andrea. Crossing boundaries Identity management and student/faculty relationships on the Facebook. Georgia Institute of Technology. 24 April 2008. 24 April 2008. http//www-static.