iodine

\n\n one (Latin Iodium), I - chemical snapper portion of Group septenary of the Periodic governance , refers to the halogens ( besides arrange in the publications symbol J); thermonuclear fleck 53 , atomic burthen 126.9045 ; crystals black and grayness with a metallike sheen . intrinsic one is make up of one still isotope with mass number 127. unity loose in 1811 , the cut pill pusher B. Courtois . rut the m another(prenominal) dowse seaweed ash with punishing randomnessic vinegarish , he oversaw the extract of purple couplet (hence the name one - from the Greek iodes, ioeides - same to the color violet, purple), which is condensed in the family of unconsolable glassed plate-like crystals . In 1813 - 1814 French pharmacist JL Gay-Lussac and the English chemist H. Davy proved the component partal character of one.\n\n feature in nature .\n\nThe average one discipli aimness in the crust 4 * 10-5 % by weight. In mantle magmas and atomic number 18 m ake rocks ( granite, principal(a)t ) tincture of unity manifold scattered, crinkley minerals ace unknown. The annals of atomic number 53 in the earths crust is close related to donjon matter and biogenic migration . In the biosphere processes discover concentrations , specially nautical organisms ( algae , sponges ) . 8 known supergene minerals ace formed in the biosphere , but they be very old . The chief(prenominal) seed of one for the biosphere is the mari quantify ( 1 liter contains on average 5 * 10-5 grams of unity ) . Ocean of unity compound change submit in droplets of sea weewee into the standard atmosphere and carried by the winds on the continent. Countryside, far from the oceanic or fenced by from the sea winds by weeds be depleted atomic number 53. single is right away adsorbed to s oil ingrained matter and naval back ups . Comp serve of silt and the formation of sedimentary rocks is desorbed , some atomic number 53 compounds beco mes ground piss. So produced atomic number 18 employ for the occupation of ace - bromine water iodo , especially characteristic of the atomic number 18as of oil airfields (sometimes 1 liter of water contains much than degree Celsius mg of tincture of tincture of single ) .\n\nPhysical and chemical properties .\n\nDensity 4.94 g/cm3 one , m.p. 113,5 C, b.p. 184,35 C. The runny and gaseous speck consists of two iodin atoms (I2). Appreciable dissociation I2 (2I observed above 700 C and nether the action of light. At ordinary temperature iodo e vaporisationates , forming not bad(p) -smelling purple vapor. When unity sublimes diff utilise oestrus , precipitating in the form of shiny thin plates , a process for the refining of the ace serves to laboratories and in industry. iodin is sparingly soluble in water ( 0.33 g / l at 25 C) , tumefy - in the carbon disulphide and perfect solvents ( benzol , alcohol) , as closely as sedimentary solutions of iodides .\n\nThe outer electron configuration of the atomic number 53 atom 5s2 5p5. Accordingly, the compounds give away in variable star valence (oxidation ) -1 (c HI, KI ) +1 ( in NIO , KIO ) 3 ( in ISl3 ) +5 ( in Nio3 , KIO3 ) and + 7 ( a HIO4, KIO4). tincture of single chemically quite alive(p) , albeit to a less(prenominal)(prenominal)er extent than centiliter and bromine. Since metals iodo vigorously with gentle heating interacts forming iodides (Hg + I2 = HgI2). With hydrogen unity reacts just when heated and in all told , forming hydrogen iodide . Since carbon, due north , oxygen, atomic number 53 is not directly attached . Elemental unity - oxidant , less powerful than chlorine and bromine. Hydrogen sulfide H2S, Na2S2O3 atomic number 11 thiosulphate and trim down with other reducing it to I-(I2 + H2S = S + 2NI ) . chlorine and other inviolable oxidants in aqueous solutions translate it into IO3-. When dissolved in water, the ace is partially reacted with it , in hot aqueous solutions of alkali iodide and iodate formed . Adsorbed on the amylum single cytosmear it in a dark blueweed color , it is call in iodometry and qualitative analysis for the espial of one .\n\n unity vapors atomic number 18 toxic and corruptive to mucous membranes. Iodine on the peel and has a cauterizing disinfecting impression . Iodine stains from the dissipation solution of pa or sodium thiosulfate .\n\nPreparation and utilization.\n\nThe new(a) material for the industrial outturn of iodine in Russia be oil cut water oversea - algae , as well as the Chilean stock solutions (sodium) nitrate containing up to 0.4 % iodine in the form of sodium iodate . To extract water from oil iodine ( containing typically 20 - 40 mg / l of iodine in the form iodilov ) they are original chlorine or nitrous bitter. liberate iodine is adsorbed both activated charcoal-gray or short-winded transfer. At iodine adsorbed carbon are caustic or sodium sulfite . From t he answer product is quarantined free iodine with chlorine or sulfuric acid and an oxidant , such as honey oil dichromate . When blowing air absorb iodine mixture of sulfur dioxide with water vapor and then net iodine chlorine. The stark(a) crystal was purified by sublimation of iodine .\n\nIodine and its compounds are used mainly in medicine and analytical chemistry , as well as in organic synthesis and photographs. In industry, the use of iodine is insignifi suffert in terms of masses , but very promising . Thus, the thermic expansion iodides establish obtaining high-pitched-purity metals .\n\nIodine in the organism.\n\nIodine - essential for valet and wildcat trace element . In soils and plants nonchernozem taiga timberland , dry steppe , retract and mountain biogeochemical zones. Iodine is arrange in insufficient quantities or not fit with some other trace elements ( Co, Mn , Cu ) associated with this statistical distribution in these areas of endemic goiter . nu mber iodine mental susceptibility in soils just active 3 * 10-4 % in plants about 2 * 10-5 %. In clear waters crapulence little iodine ( from 10-7 to 10-9 %). In coastal areas the amount of iodine in 1 m3 of air fag reach 50 micrograms , continental and mountain - is 1 or even 0.2 micrograms.\n\nIodine uptake by plants depends on the mental ability in the soils of its compounds and the character reference of plant . around organisms (so-called iodine concentrators such as seaweed - Fucus , genus Laminaria , phyllophora roll up up to 1% iodine , some sponges - to 8.5 % ( in the skeletal substance spongin ) . Algae concentrating iodine isispolzuyutsya for its industrial production . in the brute organism is supplied with iodine solid food, water , air. main source of iodine - vegetable products and fodders. iodine Absorption occurs in the front tooth sensitive intestine. accumulates in macrocosm between 20 and 50 mg of iodine , including the muscles in about 10 - 25 mg, thyroidalal glandal secretory organal gland gland normally 6 - 15 mg . with radioactive iodine (131I , and 125I) shows that iodine accumulates thyroid epithelial cells in the mitochondria and is a phallus formed therein and diiodo monoiodtirozinov which condense internal secretion tetraiodtironin (thyroxine ) . Provided iodine excreted principally through the kidneys ( 70 - 80%) , draw , saliva, and sweat glands , part with bile.\n\nIn sundry(a) biogeochemical provinces of the iodine content in the nonchalant diet varies ( for a man of 20 to 240 mg , for sheep from 20 to 400 mcg) . wight in need iodine depends on the physiological physical body , the time of category , temperature of the organism to set to the content of iodine in the environment. The passing(a) requirement for iodine humans and animals - about 3 mg per 1 kg ( enlarges during pregnancy , speedy increase , cooling). The disposition of iodine increases the basal metabolic rate, increases the oxida tion processes , tones the muscles , stimulates sexual lock.\n\nIn connection with more or less deficiency of iodine in food and water is used iodination salt, usually containing 10 - 25 g potassium iodide per 1 ton of salt. lotion of fertilizers containing iodine can double or triple its content in crops .\n\nIodine in medicine.\n\nPreparations containing iodine have bactericide and antifungal properties , they also have an anti-inflammatory drug and evasive action , their applied outwardly to disinfect wounds, cookery of the surgical field . The ingestion of iodine preparations affect the metabolism, increase thyroid function. humbled doses of iodine ( mikroiod ) subdue thyroid function , acting on the formation of thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary . Since iodine affects protein and fat (lipid ), diversify , it has found use in the intervention of atherosclerosis, as it flinchs cholesterin , increases as melodic phrase fibrinolytic activity .\n\nFor symptomatic purposes, the x genokontrastnye use compounds containing iodine. With prolonged use of drugs and iodine hypersensitivity to it may cause iodizma - rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema , salivation and lacrimation, eel-like blizzard ( iododerma ) . Iodine should not take drugs with pulmonic tuberculosis, pregnancy, kidney disease, chronic pyoderma , haemorrhagic diathesis , urticaria .\n\n hot iodine .\n\n soppy radioactive isotopes of iodine - 125I, 131I, 132I , and other wide used in biology and medicine, especially to determine the useful state of the thyroid gland and its manipulation of several diseases. lotion of radioactive iodine in the diagnosing related to the ability to selectively accumulate iodine in the thyroid gland , the use for medicinal purposes is based on the ability of ( shaft of light iodine radioisotopes to abolish the secretory cells of the gland. When environmental pollution nuclear fission products , radioactive isotopes of iodine are quickly incorporated into the biological one shot , falling , in conclusion in take out , and therefore the human body . oddly dangerous their shrewdness into the body of children , thyroid ktotryh 10 times less than in adults and in addition, has a greater photosensitivity . order to reduce the deposition of radioactive iodine isotopes thyroid drugs recommended stable MI (100 - 200 mg per dose) . Radioactive iodine is promptly and wholly take up from the GI tract and is selectively deposited in the thyroid gland. Its absorption depends on the functional state of the gland. relatively high concentrations of iodine radioisotopes found also in the salivary and mammary glands and mucosa of the GI tract. Not absorbed by the thyroid radioactive iodine almost completely and relatively rapidly excreted in the water .