Hazara people Essay

1. Friendship, guilt, redemption â€Å"He knew about Assef, the kite, the money, the watch with the lightning bolt hands. He had always known. ‘Come. There is a way to be good again,’ Rahim Khan had said on the phone just before hanging up. Said it in passing, almost as an afterthought. † (Chapter 14, pg 202). This quote symbolizes how Amir strived to do everything to forget, all he needed to do was to fly to Pakistan and see what Rahim Khan wanted him to do. So that’s exactly what Amir did. Rahim Khan tells Amir that â€Å"there is a way to be good again†. Amir knew straightaway what he was talking about. He realizes, that all of those years, Rahim Khan had known about Assef, the kite, the money, the watch with the lightning bolt hands. He had always known. Rahim Khan had knew about Hassan getting raped. He needs to go to Afghanistan and talk about the ‘unspoken secret’ they both knew about. After the phone conversation, Amir keeps remembering Hassan saying ‘for you, a thousand times over! ’ Thinking of this, he knows he has to go to Afghanistan, see Rahim Khan, uncover the secrets and do whatever he asks to ‘be good again’. By this he means that Amir has the opportunity to make up for his betrayal of Hassan by saving his son, Sohrab. Rahim Khan knows what really happened to Hassan and also knows that this has been bothering Amir for years so he is basically implying that Amir can still redeem himself if he goes back to Afghanistan. When Amir ran, he ran from jealousy and fear; fear of Assef and fear of his own reputation as a Pashtun standing up for a Hazara. The negativity of the social setting influenced Amir’s rash decision on betraying Hassan. The prevailing theme of guilt and redemption is weaved through the journey of Amir’s life, influenced by the society, where Hazaras are betrayed. 2. Parental relationships â€Å"Here is another cliche my creative writing teacher would have scoffed at; like father like son. But, it was true, wasn’t it? As it turned out, Baba and I were more alike than I’d ever known. We had both betrayed the people who would have given their lives for us. And with that came this realization: that Rahim Khan had summoned me there to atone not just for my sins but for Baba’s too. † (Chapter 18, pg 238) I chose this quote because not only is it ironic in and of itself, but it also ironically characterizes all the characters in the novel. Amir felt his â€Å"sin†Ã¢â‚¬â€betraying Hassan—made him so different from his father. He has spent much of his life trying to please Baba and mimic his father’s life. It is ironic that now, all these years later, when he discovers he and had father were so similar, it sickens him rather than bringing him joy. In the novel, he continually states that he would’ve never would have dreamed that Baba’s greatest sin would be theft on so many different levels (stealing wife, purity, truth) and gone against the nang and namoos, he so adamantly preached to his son. Amir and Baba’s relationship changes throughout the novel. The novel starts out with Amir doing whatever he could to win his father’s attention, which includes betraying his best friend, Hassan. He betrayed Hassan for his father’s full attention. He then earns it when Hassan and Ali move out and Baba and Amir move to America. This quote shows that Amir and Baba are very alike. They both betrayed their best friends. Baba betrayed Ali by sleeping with his wife, and Amir betrayed Hassan by not standing up for him while getting assaulted. Then they both try to redeem themselves with doing other good deeds. Baba, running an orphanage, and Amir going back to Kabul to save Sohrab, Hassan’s son. 3. Maturing â€Å"Earlier in the morning, when I was certain no one was looking, I did something I had done twenty-six years earlier: I planted a fistful of crumpled money under a mattress† (Chapter 19, pg 254) This quote shows how Amir had changed and grew more mature than before. In Kabul, before he had done the same thing to kick out Ali and Hassan. â€Å"I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it. I waited another thirty minutes. Then I knocked on Baba’s door and told what I hoped would be the last in a long line of shameful lies. † (pg. 110) Before, when he put the money under Hassan’s mattress, it was a coward move. He did it so Baba would get rid of both Hassan and Ali. Amir kept trying to cover up his past and get rid of it by setting Hassan up. He thought if Hassan left, then everything would go back to normal, but it didn’t. Now, Amir had a heart. Rahim Khan told Amir to come back to Afghanistan to rescue Hassan’s son Sohrab. Amir stayed with Wahid’s family. They didn’t have much at all. They served Amir all their food they had. Amir felt guilty for all the riches he had. Living in America, without war, having sanitary living conditions and enough food for meals three times a day. So, when it was time for Amir to leave, he snuck a fistful of money under the mattress. This time, it wasn’t a coward who had done it, it had been a loving, but guilty man. Amir was slowly paying back his dues and hardships he had created in the past. 4. Strength of the human spirit â€Å"Then I told him I was going to Kabul. Told him to call the Caldwells in the morning. ‘I’ll pray for you, Amir jan,’ he said. †(Chapter 18 pg 239) Not only did Amir not stand up for himself, he did not stand up for others either (like Hassan when he got raped). Amir didn’t dare to say his opinion, to the public, or to Assef that he and Hassan are friends because Hassan is Hazara and always was going to be. Later that changes. He fights for Sohrab, in fact what he really is doing is fighting back for all the times he didn’t fight for Hassan, against Assef. In the fight he gets hare lipped just like Hassan, I think that’s a symbol. A symbol that says that he has become as brave as Hassan. Another thing that indicates this change is that in the dreams he used to have where he couldn’t part his father from the bear he later dreams of himself as the bear. He always admired his father, and his father was very brave. Bears are significant as brave and fearless. Back in Kabul, it seemed like Amir was finally doing something good in his life. After some misgivings, Amir agrees to rescue Hassan’s son, Sohrab, from an orphanage in Kabul. Amir even fights against a Taliban official who turns out to be Assef in order to save Sohrab. This reminds Amir and the readers that this time it wasn’t Hassan who was in Assef’s fist, it was his son and Amir had to save Sohrab because he couldn’t save Hassan last time. This is action instead of inaction; bravery instead of cowardice; selflessness instead of self-absorption. Perhaps this streak of good deeds will make up for his betrayal of Hassan. It’s almost as if the confident Amir combines with the helpless and coward childhood Amir. While saving Sohrab, Amir makes a huge mistake and goes back on a promise to Sohrab. As a result, Sohrab tries to commit suicide. We’re watching Amir repeat mistakes from the past even as he attempts to put the past to rest. This is Amir at his best and worst and perhaps this is the real Amir that really combines all the previous versions of him. He’s weak and blind, but also essentially kind. He’s jealous, but in the end only wants to be loved. Even though sometimes during the book, we would want to scream at Amir, but as we know that he’s an utterly human character, and can’t blame him for anything. 5. ‘Discrimination and prejudice â€Å"True, I hadn’t made Ali step on that land mine, and I hadn’t brought the Taliban to the house to shoot Hassan. But I had driven Hassan and Ali out of the house. Was it too far-fetched to think things might have turned out differently if I hadn’t? Maybe Baba would have brought them to America. Maybe Hassan would have a home of his own now, a job, a family, a life in a country where no one cared that he was a Hazara, where most people didn’t even know what a Hazara was. Maybe not. But maybe so. † (Chapter 18, pg 238) The Kite Runner tackles the issue of discrimination in Afghanistan with an example of the relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras. Baba’s father sets an example for Amir of being kind to Hazara people, even though they are historically not appreciated and persecuted. Baba could have easily sent Ali to an orphanage after his parents’ death, but he chose not to and picked the decision of raising him in his household. Baba does the same with Hassan, although this is because of the fact that Hassan is actually his son after all. Even in Baba’s house, the house of best intentions, the class barrier between the Pashtuns and Hazaras endures. Ali is as dear to Baba as a brother. Baba calls him â€Å"family. † But Ali still lives in a hut and sleeps on a mattress on the floor. He tends the garden, cooks, and cleans up after Baba, and raises Hassan to do the same. So strong is Hassan’s identity as a servant that even as an adult, when Baba is gone, he has no sense of entitlement. He insists on staying in the hut and doing housework. When Hassan dies defending Baba’s house, he does so not because he feels it belongs to him, but because he is being loyal to Baba and Amir. Discrimination is everywhere and nowhere at the same time. Assef tells Amir, â€Å"Afghanistan is like a beautiful mansion littered with garbage, and someone has to take out the garbage. † Like his idol, Hitler, he feels entitled to killing those he deems unworthy of living in his land. He even relishes the term â€Å"ethnic cleansing† because it goes so well with his garbage metaphor. Like Baba, many people do not mention the Hazaras’ history of persecution. The author shows that the persecution of the Hazaras is not new, but a greatly intensified outgrowth of long-held discrimination. 6. Man’s inhumanity to man â€Å"How could he have lied to me all those years? To Hassan? He had sat me on his lap when I was little, looked me straight in the eyes, and said, There is only one sin. And that is theft†¦ When you tell a lie, you steal someone’s right to the truth. Hadn’t he said those words to me? And now, fifteen years after I’d buried him, I was learning that Baba had been a thief. And a thief of the worst kind, because the things he’d stolen had been sacred: from me the right to know I had a brother, from Hassan his identity, and from Ali his honor. His nang. His namoos. † (Chapter 18, pg 237) Until Rahim Khan reveals Baba’s secret, Amir thinks he is the only sinner among his family and friends. The biggest shocker to Amir was that Hassan was really his half brother. After Amir’s mother died, Baba had slept with Hassan’s mother and got her pregnant. All along Baba knew that Hassan was his son and Ali covered as his father and the two of them were servants in Baba’s house. Amir thought about the reason why Baba was so worked up over Amir’s mentioning of getting new servants was because he would be losing his son that way. There were so many signs he realizes like the plastic surgery and always inviting Hassan to events. Amir was filled with anger and he felt betrayed by Rahim and especially Baba. The regret is even greater in his life that he had driven out his own half brother and did not even know it, and now there is no way to make things right because Hassan is dead. Amir is shocked, taken back, and deeply hurt. Even before Amir betrays him, Hassan makes him feel guilty simply by being such a righteous person. Amir is constantly trying to measure up to Baba, because he does not realize that Baba is so hard on him because of his guilt over his own sin. Amir feels as though his entire life has been a cycle of betrayal, even before he betrayed Hassan. But having a taste of betrayal himself does little towards redeeming Amir. In Ghazi Stadium, the Taliban skews the words of Muhammad in order to justify murdering the alleged adulterers. The mullah announces that every person should have a punishment befitting his sin. Although he would not want to compare himself to the Taliban, Amir believes this in regards to his own sin. When he tried to get Hassan to pelt him with pomegranates, he was expressing his feeling that in order to be forgiven for hurting Hassan, Hassan must hurt him. When Assef almost kills Amir, he felt â€Å"healed,† as though now that Assef has hurt him, it is fair. He even tells Farid that in the room with Assef, he â€Å"got what he deserved. † In the end, Amir finds out that punishment is not what will redeem him from his sin. It is not even saving Sohrab. In order to make up for his sin and Baba’s before him, Amir must erase the lines of discrimination he has lived with all his life by giving Sohrab an equal chance at success and happiness.

Benifits of Academic Globalization Essay

2. Introduction: Globalization is one of the most discussed issues nowadays. It has several branches which vary from economic, cultural, academic, and industrial and many more. However, the one that is increasing at a very high rate is academic globalization. Since academic globalization includes the act of studying abroad, it can be defined as is the act of traveling of students to study in a country other than the mother one. Nowadays, students are getting many Academic Globalization l 3 opportunities to study abroad, in addition to other reasons, which is why they are studying outside their home countries. â€Å"He [Wiladavsky] stated that 3 million students are now studying outside their home countries, a 57% increase from 2000† (Apurvadesai, 2010, p. 1). These numbers show the tremendous increase in movement of students around the world. Academic globalization has become one of the most debatable issues. People who are against it believe that once the students graduate and see many opportunities to work abroad they would not come back. On the other hand, people who are with it believe that it provides the students with better education and higher experience. In fact, academic globalization can be beneficial in several ways. 3. Literature review: Apurvadesia (2010), comments on the discussion of the World Affairs council which focuses on the rise of academic globalization. According to Wiladavsky, who was among the speakers, there is an increase in the movement of students around the world. Moreover, he discussed the concept of global ranking that motivates students to work and study harder to reach their goals and become part of the top class. In addition to that, Apurvadesia states that the idea of brain drain is actually brain circulation. Wiladavsky (2010), argues that countries should not be afraid from globalization. On the contrary, Wiladavsky tries to shed the light on the benefits of academic globalization. He believes that it helps in expanding knowledge and in trading of minds. Moreover, Wiladavsky tries to shed the light on the opposing point of view and give reasons behind the fear of globalization. Academic Globalization l 4 Wiladavsky (2010), focuses on why colleges should support globalization. Wiladavsky argues by believing that globalization of higher education helps in identifying talents. Moreover, he believes that successful competition is achieved by higher education. Goodman(2013), argues that Americans should study abroad in order to get  international experience. Moreover, he believes that student would appreciate difference and diversity through meeting new people. In addition to that, he considers that by interacting with people from different countries, students would be trained to all sectors of leaders. 4. Better education: One of the main reasons why academic globalization is beneficial is by offering a better education for the students. This is due to the fact that more opportunities and better experience are provided. 4. 1 More opportunities: Students get better education by having a wide variety of majors to choose where they fit. Some countries lack majors which are  available in others and thus, instead of doing a major that they are not interested in, they have the opportunity to study abroad the major they always dreamt of. For example, in Lebanon, petroleum engineering is not available; however, some students are interested in such a major. So instead of looking for another major to study, they can simply apply in another country which includes such majors. Moreover, a master degree is another opportunity provided in some countries and deprived in others. In developed countries such as USA or Europe, the master degree offered provides the students with better credentials. Students  Academic Globalization l 5 would be more knowledgeable and updated to recent discoveries. A student having a BS degree has less opportunity than a student having a master degree when applying a certain job especially, if the master degree was from a country offering a higher education. 4. 2 More experience: Another reason why students are provided with a better education is the high experience they get. The concept of brain circulation applies here, where students get different degrees from different countries. † A student may leave China, go to Singapore for an undergraduate degree, then to US for a Master’s degree, then  Australia to work for a couple of years, then back to China for a job with a multi-national company†(Apurvadesai, 2010,p. 2). In this example, Apurvadesai describes how having the opportunity to study in different countries provides the student with the higher experience and characteristics required for a job in a multi-national company. Moreover, living in a different country, having different culture, language, habits and lifestyle, increase experience. When students travel, they try to accommodate with the changes around them. This process provides them with higher experience when it comes to dealing with other countries. In addition to that, students will be provided with better communication skills. They would learn to speak new languages fluently due to practice and would be familiar with the demand of other countries. In this way, if there was a foreign customer, Academic Globalization l 6 the student will directly provide him/her with the service he/she is more likely to be interested in. 5. Expands global knowledge: Another reason why academic globalization is beneficial is that it helps in expanding knowledge across the world. This is achieved by discovering new talents. Some countries are deprived from a variety of domains. On the contrary,  when students travel to encounter their education, they would be exposed to a wide selection of domains. In this way, students would be able to discover new talents in them and introduce it to their local country. Moreover, academic globalization promotes the sharing of information between countries. When students get their education in a foreign country, they would be introduced to new concepts, studies and researches. People against academic globalization argue that the country offering the higher education takes away from the learning of the native country. However, introducing new concepts is not bad to other countries. In fact, as RAND economist James Hosek told the Cronicle of Higher Education that â€Å"When new knowledge is created, it is a public good and can be used by many†(Wiladavsky, 2010, p. 3). When students return back to their countries, they would share the knowledge they acquired and help in developing their nations. 6. Conclusion: In conclusion, academic globalization is a trend that is increasing at a very high rate. It is a one of the most debatable issues in the society. Some people are with it and think it is beneficial, while others are against it and think it is harmful. However, it can be beneficial in several ways. It provides better education for Academic Globalization l 7 students through having more experiences and opportunities. Moreover, academic globalization promotes global knowledge between different countries leading to the free trade of mind. In fact, people should support academic globalization to develop the whole world. 7. References: Apurvadesai. (May 15, 2010). Academic Globalization- The Emergence of International Universities. In Reading, Writing and Reflecting. Retrieved from http://apurvadesai. com/2010/05/15/academic-globalization-the-emergence -of-international-universities/ Goodman, A. E. , Berdan, S. N. (October 17, 2013). A Year Abroad vs. a Year Wasted. In The New York Times. Retrieved from, http://www. nytimes. com/roomfordebate/2013/10/17/should-more-american s-study-abroad/every-student-should-study-abroad Wildavsky, B. (January 5, 2010). Academic Globalization Should Be Welcomed. Not Feared. In Brookings. Retrieved from, http://brookings. edu/research/articles/2010/01/15- globalization-wildavsky. Wildavsky, B. (April 4, 2010). Why Colleges Shouldn’t Fear Global Competition. In The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from, http://chronicle. com/article/The-Global-Benefits-of/64932/. Academic Globalization l 8

Budgeting & Forecasting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budgeting & Forecasting - Assignment Example The restaurant is intended to sell diverse products, which include buffet, pizza, soup, sauces and desserts. In addition, the restaurant will have a self-service soda bar. Although there are other companies such as McDonalds serving the area, the prices of their products are not affordable to most people in Florida. Moreover, these companies do not have physical locations in the area but rely on suppliers. This means that Papa Geo has the potential of competing effectively in the market and possibly gaining competitive advantage (Jeffries & McGrath, 2008). The fact that the products of the company are rare in the market consequently highly demand makes the company more competitive. This will ensure that the company records high sales volume. Moreover, the company will register high sales volume because they produce variety, which gives consumers the ability and freedom of choice. Finally, the company strategy is effective because it attracts children too, which will boost sales since it will be assumed to a family restaurant (Jeffries & McGrath, 2008). The offers given by financial lending institution will be enough in setting up the business and repayment period is reasonable, which will grant the owner the opportunity to repay comfortably. Therefore, the business can be set up but it requires effective analysis and forecasting due to uncertainties in the business environment. Proper financial budgetary planning is fundamental in achieving the company’s strategy. Sale forecast forms the most critical part of this budget proposal because, it is through proper and accurate forecasts in sales that the entrepreneur would be able to determine the amount to repay either in monthly or annual basis. The above sales forecasts are made with the assumptions that one unit in the company goes at $7, and each individual in the 15-minute area purchases one unit

History of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Intrnational Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Applied Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Applied Law - Essay Example This means that there is a promise made in return for something, which has already occurred. The promise to donate the receipts to the charity organization constitutes to insufficient consideration and cannot be enforceable (Adams, 2004). The formation of a contract takes place when what one party offers is accepted by the other party to the contract. Krauses cannot avoid the contract after learning that they could have sold the piece of land at a higher price than the price, which Jud offered. This is because they have already accepted the offer. Acceptance of the offer means that the Krauses bound themselves legally to the terms of the contract. Therefore, avoiding the contract could constitute to breach of contract. Krauses can only withdraw from the offer if they had not accepted the offer (Bhana, Bonthuys & Nortje, 2009). Jud can be held to pay the typewritten amount since a contract constitutes a legal agreement in writing between the two parties to a contract. This means that Jud is bound to pay the typewritten amount rather than the offered amount (Bhana, Bonthuys & Nortje,

Organational Theory and Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organational Theory and Leadership - Term Paper Example An organization is a social group that works for a collective goal. It is usually composed of different kinds of people, who have their own role in the organization. An organization usually has a mission and a vision, and each member works towards the organizations goal. Each member has a purpose, and each members contribution should help the organization move towards its goal. However, each organization needs a leader to guide the members in reaching their specific, as well as collective goal. Thus, in order for an organization to function efficiently, it is essential to have a leader that understands the workings of his organization. There are different theories on how an organization works. One of the most popular theories on organizational studies is the classical organization theory. According to this theory, an organization should have a defined job and a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability, in order to assure its efficiency. The organization is likened to a machine, with the members functioning as the different parts of the machine. It is thus not surprising that Frederick Winslow Taylor is one of the proponents of the classical theory. F.W. Taylor is a mechanical engineer by profession, and is regarded as the "father of scientific management". In the classical point of view, an organization should be output-oriented. Just like a machine, each part should work well with the other parts in order to ensure productivity. However, unlike a machine, an organization is composed of people, not nuts and bolts that can be overworked without any complaints. People, unlike parts of a machi ne, have needs, and when these needs are not provided, they would find it difficult to be productive. Thus, critics found this theory somewhat unreasonable and thus, scholars started formulating other theories to explain the dynamics of organizations. If organizations cannot be likened to

Case study information system in management Essay

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An Absolutory Confession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Absolutory Confession - Essay Example Shoba being a great planner, had planned her life in her head but the death of the baby came as a shock and makes Shoba realize that nothing in this world can be vouched for. Because of their disconnection, they try to find a way to seek forgiveness and decide to reveal a secret each, every night when the light went off at eight. The definition of confession is an acknowledgment or disclosure of sin or sinfulness and though in the process of confession, both Shukumar and Shoba felt relieved superficially, they end up hurting and disappointing each other unintentionally. It made them realize the fact that they did not know each other too well. Eventually, instead of strengthening the relationship, Shukumar and Shoba’s confessions cause them to walk away from each other, but in the end it is Shukumar’s confession about their dead baby that brings the two closer to each other. Shukumar’s confession begins with romantic memories. In his first confession he tells Shoba about their first date because it was the first thing that came to his mind when he was refreshing his memory. Shukumar remembered, â€Å"The first time we went out to dinner, to the Portuguese place, I forgot to tip the waiter. I went back the next morning, found out his name, left money with the manager† (222). Shukumar’s first confession is simple because he has no idea how Shoba would later use this game to manipulate and hurt him. Shukumar hoped that through the game, they would get closer to each other, Shoba would return to her normal self and their love would rekindle but he was unaware that Shoba’s hope for anything at all had died along with their baby. Next day, Shukumar admits his fault in his second confession which means that his second confession goes deeper than his first. Shukumar said â€Å"I cheated on my oriental exam in college† (226). Shukumar carried the burden of his shameful deed for

Service Oriented Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Service Oriented Architectures - Essay Example As the research highlights  the increased competition among international manufacturers forces them to reduce their manufacturing costs. These industries are usually stemmed from advanced and high incomes countries of the world. The wage rates in these countries are really high because of high living standards. The labor cost is one of the major costs of manufacturing. Although in a simple operations analysis it would not seem very high. The major cost seems to be of raw materials and parts being used in the manufacturing process. One must understand that these parts are also being manufactured and thus their costs rise as well because of high wage rates. The manufacturing industries have no other reliable method of reducing their manufacturing cost other than outsourcing to countries with lower wage rates.This paper discusses that  the connection of customers to services is a major point of concern for many organizations. This is because a user interface is required which can co nnect consumers with available web based services. Service oriented architecture provides this capability to organizations by connecting consumers of applications to available solutions and services. XML can be used by the consumers to connect with services based on Service oriented architecture. SOA also has the capability of using multiple implementation platforms.  This integrates different applications in the web-environment. Moreover the simplification of different functions in terms of services helps systems developers.

Oliver Twist Essay Example for Free

Oliver Twist Essay Oliver Twist is the second novel written by Charles Dickens. It is all about Oliver who was an orphan living the world of crimes in London. The novel was published in Bentley’s Miscellany in a monthly basis. George Cruikshank was the illustrator of the said novel. Criticisms and opinions were gathered y Dickens as introducing the world of crimes. He exposed to the world the life of criminals and prostitutes. With this criticisms and comments, he took the opportunity of presenting a good view of his composition. He did not take the critics in a negative way. Among the works of Dickens, Oliver twist is the presented in a dramatic form. Oliver twist appears in series of novel in 10 theaters in London. The novel was also made with 25 numbers of versions since it started in 1906. The Famous Roman Polanski was the also made his own version of Oliver Twist. In the Oliver Twist, Oliver was an infant born in a workshop. After the adaptation of Oliver, he the came to an infant farm where he came o develop himself and then get back to the working place. Orphans were put to the workhouse to get their selves a home to get into. In the workplace, the orphans were experiencing the inhumane and mistreatment. With these mistreatments, the orphans were put into starvation. Oliver was asked to stand before his comrades to talk with their masters about the issue. Troublemaker is also named or recognized after Oliver. He does some job for other person who wishes to take him (Dickens, 2003). Oliver outside the workplace life was uneasy at first. He was so tired and hungry. He didn’t expect that life was also misery. Jack Dawkins is one of the persons who help Oliver by giving him a place to stay. Even though, he was recently together with thieves, he was still finds people who help him. As he stays with Dawkins, he also works with him. He came to the world of pick pocketers. With his work with Dawkins, he was also accused for some crimes. With the crimes being accused for him, he came to experience the world of criminals and prostitutes. He had himself put into a world where there are many negative insights. The life of Oliver really became a misery when he came with the criminals and do some criminal works. His life was also nearly put to death when he once put into criminal work when he was shot. With this misery life of Oliver he came to know about his family roots. He came to know who his brother is. He talks with Maylies and Doctor Losberne about his misery life. He had a brother who is a monk and he was claimed to be an inherited to a monk. Oliver was also an inheritor of an estate which his father wrote in will before his father died. And because of this they wanted to have the inheritance of Oliver. In the end, Oliver made a life of good after he had also got the inheritance. Oliver Twist is of the great novel of Dickens. The novel presented a story of humor and wit. The novel is of poverty mode and of cruelty. Oliver Twist may e given recognition for his thoughts about the world and its great creativity of story. With this Novel of Dickens, he used some world views. He relates the Novel with religion world view. He uses some facts with the monks when tackling about the religion. He discussed that eve though the family of Oliver was of different religions, they were still putting the peace on their heart. With respect to the political view, the politics in the novel represents some deficiencies of the true form of politics in the whole wide world. It was presented and explained on the novel how the politics is some sort of injustice. The real politics and politics in this novel are neither really similar nor different. In the geographical view, the novel was situated in way that the geographical mode is of the same way with the time of the novel was presented. It was situated in a community where people experienced difficulties with respect to community of criminals ad prostitutes. The people in the novel were creating a way that the geographic position of the community is essential. Tackling with the social view, the author speaks for the truth about the social community. It is explained in the novel that people need other people to survive in the community. People are born for other people. No man is an island. In order to survive the cruelty of the world, one person should have great communication and social interactions with other people. And last but not the least, about the economic view. One of the great topics in this novel is about the economic view. It is presented here that in life of poverty and scruelty; people were doing unnecessary things just to make their life into fulfillment. People may do some crimes and other illegal works just to survive in the low economized community. The use of providing great world issues in the Novel is a way to provide creativity with the said religion, political, economical, social and geographical ways. The author, Charles Dickens have very wide thought about the current issues I his time that he came to develop a novel with story that relates to the whole wide world. I is necessary for him that he even does not have good experiences in writing had no acclaimed awards for his works he still make it expressive for him to provide meaningful Novel. The Novel in particular was really fascinating for the story it provides is viewers or readers, it catches most of the reader’s attention. It does not need o make some more great speculations for the story to make it interesting. It was interesting in many ways. With its thoughts and ideas, it is still interesting. List of Reference Dickens, C. Oliver Twist. New York. Penguin Books; 2003.

Themes of Liturgy Essay Example for Free

Themes of Liturgy Essay A public duty given in the service of God in Churches is commonly described in Bible as Liturgy. It originated from the Greek word Leitourgia-Leitos where Leos means people and ergo means to perform and the person who performs Liturgy is known as leitourgos. The Christian Liturgy is divided into two sections, the first section is service of the Word, and second is the service of Lord’s Supper. But these two liturgies in real term are same service. Liturgy is a paramount duty of the Church and baptized children of God, â€Å"Devoted themselves to the teaching of the apostles and to the community, to the breaking of the bread, and to prayer. † (Acts 2:42) In early days, Churches had made practice of performing the prayers at fixed hours. Then it became a practice to perform prayer at specific time and as the time passed, other hours were fixed for performing common prayers in the service of God and often disciples gathered together at the third hour. The Prince of the Apostles â€Å"went up on the housetop to pray, about the sixth hour† (10:9); â€Å"Peter and John were going up to the temple at the hour of prayer, the ninth hour† (3:1); â€Å"about midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God† (16:25). Gradually these prayers began to be performed in a set cycle of hours. This began to be known as Liturgy- a prayer towards Christ and seeking petition from Christ. The basic meaning of theology of Liturgy is that every action of God is revealed through Christ and it is not possible for a man to make his way to God because it is God that makes the way towards us. Thus any action of man that does not lead towards God is not an action at all. Basic essence of Liturgy lies in the fact that through Liturgy, you are united with God. The God himself speaks to us through signs, and even takes the form of body, enters the soul, flesh and blood with only one purpose and that is too unite us with him. Your salvation is with your connection to God and Christian liturgy does this only. Your whole life is spent in search of God and if you join the Liturgy, you have entered doors of the creator itself. Liturgy makes us realize that human soul, the over soul and the super soul are integral to each other. Since the over soul is pure most, the human soul also retains its inherent purity. It can steer us clear of all the difficulties, uncertainties, shams, and imperfections of the worldly life in the same way as the pure-most â€Å"Whole†- The Almighty can. Man is therefore an equal status and importance to God.    According to The Second Vatican Council â€Å"Liturgy is through which the work of our redemption is accomplished, most of all in the divine sacrifice of the Eucharist, is the outstanding means whereby the faithful may express in their lives, and manifest to others, the mystery of Christ and the real nature of the true Church.†1 Eucharist is a pinnacle of the Christian life. They believe that if bread and wine are brought to the altar, the holy spirit with its power will transfer it into the true body and blood of Christ. Lot of research has been undertaken regarding various aspects of Liturgical practices since centuries and their repercussions and effects. The New Testament reveals the fact that the Liturgical practices have seen number of changes, but according to Bradshaw many New Testament books have provided the allusionary account of practices Christians have been adopting in their Liturgical prayers rather than an accurate account. What ever has been interpreted from the New Testament is that Liturgical practices happening in later centuries had its roots in the first century. But there has been no concrete proof regarding the same and they are mere allusions. Further he said that it could be possible that some practices might have been followed from ancient times but there is enough scholarly proof to suggest that these assumptions are impractical and even to make such speculations is highly risky. Abundant illustrations could be offered of such an apprach, but Massey - Pope Paul VI, â€Å"Sacrosanctum Concilium†, 4 December1963, http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html (19 January 2008). Shephard theory, that explains about the link between the Book of Revelation and the Paschal Liturgy can be a good example to present link between the present practices and the past.1 Some reveal that many of the imageries of heavenly worship found in the Book of Revelation are a clear sign of Liturgical practices. For eg. Oscar Cullman could have said, â€Å"the whole Book of Revelation from the Greeting   of the Grace and Peace in Chapter 1.4 to the closing prayer: Come Lord Jesus, In Chapter 22.20, and the benediction in the last verse, is full of allusions to the Liturgical usages of the earlier community.†2 Besides many of other scholars have also questioned about the assumptions of the existence of parallels between heavenly and earthly worship and it has been presumed that the early Christians did not use any order in the ceremony. Inspite of several controversies and debates regarding the actual Liturgical practices, hymns and prayers have been solmenly considered as legitimate and proved versions reflecting the liturgical materials been in use in those times.3 Many research studies have pointed out the connection between the Liturgical practices to the earlier Judaism and the first one to suggest this relation was Dutch protestent theologian, Campegius Vitringa (1659-1722). It had also been stated that Gospels were used as public reading in Chruches and therefore they would have been influenced to some extent by the Jewish Lectionary. Thus attempts were being made to show that the lactionary material was behind the worship process and the first one to follow this theory was RG. Finch in 1939 who found that Jesus teaching did not just found in synagogue but affected that what was found there. And even G.D. Kilpatrick mentioned that Mathew was also used for public reading during worhsip but he did not think that there was any lectionary   process. 4 Paul F. Bradshaw, The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Method for the Study of Early Liturgy (US: Oxford University Press, 2002), 50. Bradshaw, 57. Bradshaw, 59. Bradshaw, 48. The early Christians were all following the Jewish form of worship-which was also considered to be the worship practices of Jesus Christ and was in sense liturgical. The New Testament is a proven record of this fact that even though earlier Christians had added some new components like Eucharist or in other words Communion, which Christ himself had bestowed on his followers during last Supper, their basic worshiping practice was of Jews. But during the ceremonies of the early Church, Eucharist was being celebrated as different services since last many years. The continuous worship procedure that had taken place from Temple to Synagogue and then its finally entry into the early Christian Church was the reason for the start of the Christian Liturgical order since the end of the first century, sixty years after Christ’s resurrection. Paul F. Bradshaw is a professor of Liturgy at the University of Notre Dame and Director of Undergraduate Studies at the University’s London Center. In his book, he evaluated the various difficulties being posed by various researchers while interpreting the earlier documents on Liturgy and made critical reevaluation of the various theories of the origination of Christian worship. He brought before us the notion that primitive form of Christian worship was considered to be diverse in nature. They were pluriform and this pluriformity was not just seen in the theological part of worship in different traditions, but in very basic methods of rites and rituals and despite of the fact that churches have been trying to maintain uniformity in the   rites and rituals over the centuries, the churches began to adopt the liturgical way of worshiping. On one hand, there has been adequate evidence to point out that even though liturgical practices of one group might have created influence on the other but there had been variations in their rites and rituals. Bradshaw even stated that there is lack of evidence in the New Testament about the First Century Christian Worship. As there is a tendency among the scholars to gather the bits of information from whereever they are available and join them to give a unique and single piece of information and give a historical verdict to it.   For example, scholars might have combined references of liturgical activities that might had been performed by our ancestors, from the act of Apostotle or from the Pauline letters and joined with certain illusory signs termed as means of worship from the Johannine literature or from Synoptic Gospels and presented before us the ways of worship by the first Christians.1 Bradshaw emphasised that there never had been any concrete evidence to prove the validity of how first Christians worshiped or what were their ways. But this is a fact that the present Liturgy has at some point or the other roots in our past. It is true that Jesus himself told the woman at the well, â€Å"the hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father is seeking such to worship Him† (John 4:23).   Liturgy reflects the true spirit of worship in what way it is performed. Catholic liturgy makes use of signs and symbols whose significance lies in the fact that they reveal the sign of Christ. These signs and symbols come from the world of creation- light, water, fire, bread, wine, oil, others from life in society -washing, anointing, breaking bread and others from Old Testament sacred history -the Passover rite, sacrifices, laying on of hands, consecrating persons and objects. These signs speak volume of the intensity of the life that Christ has given to us, but these signs are accompanied by spoken words, which together create the serene effect and reflect the significance of this ritual. - Bradshaw, 59.             Bibliography Bradshaw, Paul F. The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Method for the Study of Early Liturgy. US: Oxford University Press, 2002. Dix, Gregory. The Shape of the Liturgy. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. Pope Paul VI. â€Å"Sacrosanctum Concilium†. 4 December1963. http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html (19 January 2008).

The Ofcom As A Super Regulator Media Essay

The Ofcom As A Super Regulator Media Essay Introduction The broadcasting culture and the Ofcom regulatory framework enshrine the freedom of broadcasters to choose topics they want to cover in the programmes they broadcast and in appropriate manner. Whilst the broadcasters have the right to hold opinions and impart information and ideas to their audiences without interference, the audiences are also entitled to receive those ideas and opinions. With reference to this, the essay (a) critically discusses the challenges and potential pitfalls that the Ofcom Broadcasting Code (the Code) presents for sports broadcasters and assesses Ofcoms powers of enforcement should a breach of the Code occur; and (b) assesses the extent to which the content of the Code is shaped and influenced by the law and policy of the European Union. After considering the Ofcom as a super regulator, the essay identifies the major principles and rules of the Code. This is followed by an examination of the challenges and potential pitfalls that the Code presents for sports broadcasters. The essay goes to assess the Ofcoms powers of enforcement where there is a breach of the Code. Finally, the essay assesses the extent to which the content of the Code has been shaped and influenced by the law and policy of the European Union. a) The Ofcom as a super regulator Before 2005 there were various regulators, such as the Broadcasting Standards Commissions (BSC), the Independent Television Commission (ITC) and the Radio Authority (RA), which regulated the exploitation of media rights. The net result was that many anomalies arose by virtue of the changing roles of those platforms (Verow, Lawrence and McCormick, 2005:324). The Ofcom was formally established on 29 December 2003 under the Communications Act 2003 as the United Kingdoms super regular to oversee all regulation in the media and communication sectors. In terms of broadcasting regulatory functions, it takes over the BSC, ITC and the RA. The creation of the Ofcom has rapidly changed the structure of television regulation in the United Kingdom (Carey, 2010:242). The Code Section 319 of the Communications Act 2003 entrusts the Ofcom with the power to set and revise a code for the standards of contents of radio and television programmes. The Ofcom has revised the Code on various occasions. The most recent version of the Code took effect on 28  February 2011. It covers all programmes broadcasted on or after 28 February 2011. It applies to radio and television content in services licensed by the Ofcom.  With the exception of the BBC, the Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C) and the S4C Digital, all United Kingdoms broadcasters must have the appropriate licence in order to operate a broadcasting service. All Ofcom licensees as well as the BBC and the S4C are required to comply with the Code. The Code governs, among other things, standards and practice in programme content, advertising and programme sponsorship. Section 1 of the Code requires broadcasters to protect those under the age of 18 by providing rules on scheduling and content information. Television broadcasters must observe the 21:00 watershed. The watershed does not apply to radio broadcaster, but a particular regard must be made to times when children are likely to be listening. Section 1 also curbs, among other things, violence, dangerous behaviour as well as offensive language appearing before the watershed or in an inappropriate context. In addition, section 1 insists on broadcasters to take care over the physical and emotional welfare of and the dignity of people under 18 who take part or are involved in programmes. Section 2 requires broadcasters to apply accepted standards to the contents of television and radio services in order to provide adequate protection for the public from the inclusion of harmful and/or offensive material in such services. Programmes must not include material which condones or glamorises violence, dangerous, or anti-social behaviour or is likely to encourage others to copy such behaviour. Section 3 requires broadcasters to, among others things, protect member of the public from the inclusion of harmful and/offensive materials, such as offensive language, distress, and discriminatory treatment or language. Section 4 requires broadcasters to exercise proper degree of responsibility with respect to the content of religious programmes. Section 5 provides for due impartiality and due accuracy and under prominence of views and opinions. Broadcaster must report news, in whatever form, with due accuracy and present them with due impartiality. Any mistake must be acknowledged and corrected immediately. Viewers must be made aware of what they are seeing. If a presenter gives a personal view or makes an authored programme, this must be made clear and alternative viewpoints adequately represented, either in the programme or in series of programme should be taken as a whole. Section 6 deals with elections and referendums by requiring impartiality to be strictly maintained in constituency reports. Section 7 requires broadcasters avoid unjust or unfair treatment of individuals or organisations in programmes. For example, if a team coach is approached for a post-match interview and refuses to appear, the broadcast should make clear that s/he has chosen not to appear and should give their explanation if it would be unfair not t o do so. Section 8 requires broadcasters to avoid any unwarranted infringement of privacy in programmes and in connection with obtaining material included in the programmes. Any infringement of privacy should be warranted. Sections 9 and 10 of the Code are most relevant provisions to sports broadcasting. Section 9 deals with commercial references in television programming. Section 10 deals commercial referencing in radio programming. The BBC, S4C and S4C Digital are not Ofcom licensees and, therefore, not subject to sections 9. However, they are subject to the legislation on listed events and, therefore, the regulations on listed events as set out in the relevant provisions of the Code. Section 9 requires broadcasters to maintain independent editorial control over programming. It also obliges broadcasters to ensure the distinction of editorial content from advertising. It prohibits surreptitious advertising which makes reference to a product, service or trade mark within a programme with the intention to advertise without making this clear to the audience. Section 9 provides rules for the sponsorship of television programmes. It provides regulations relating to, among others things, prohibited sponsors and the format and content of the sponsors credit. This is often referred to as a sponsor bumper or billboard (Lewis and Taylor, 2009:1239). Section 9 provides that the purpose of the sponsor credit should be simply to inform viewers that the relevant programme is sponsored and who the sponsor is. Therefore, section 9 requires the credit not to contain advertising messages or calls to action to viewers and to be kept separate from commercial breaks and from the programming itself. Accordingly, section 9 permits credits at the beginning and/or end of the programme and going into and coming out of commercial breaks. However, section 9 does not specify limits as to the permitted duration or number of sponsor credits. Section 9 simply indicates that, for these purposes, undue performance should not be given to a sponsor and credits within programme trailers should remain brief and secondary. Radio and television broadcasting are subject to different legislative requirements and terminology. Therefore, section 10 of the Code contains specific rules to radio broadcasting. The fundamental principle in section 10 is to ensure the transparency of commercial communications as a means to secure consumer protection. Viewers must not be misled. There has to be transparency and editorial independence. Advertising products has to be kept separate from the content of programmes. Challenges and pitfalls of the Code for sports broadcasters Sports broadcasters should be free to choose sporting events they want to cover in their sport broadcasting programmes. This principle underlines the broadcasting culture and the regulatory framework in which the Ofcom operates. However, the right to choose sporting events to broadcast is subject competition rules, intellectual property law as well as human rights. Television broadcasting is the most frequently area the competition authorities have been involved in the business of the sport. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and the European Commission have scrutinised arrangements that appeared to restrict market competition in the market for the acquisition of premium sports contents. Broadcasting organisations are subject to Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty for the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The grant of exclusive rights for sport broadcasting can have implications on the freedom of other broadcasters to choose sporting events they would like to cover in their sports broadcasting programmes. However, the grant of exclusive rights is not per se contrary to the EU competition law. This is particularly the case in relation to the audiovisual industry where exclusivity may, in fact, have pro-competitive effects. The OFT has investigated allegations of BSkyB abusing its dominant position in its exclusive right to broadcast certain live sporting events by exerting an anti-competitive margin squeeze on its rivals, pricing its channels, and giving anti-competitive discounts to distributors (OFT, 2002). The OFT found that BSkyB was dominant in, among others, the wholesale supply of certain premium sports. Since the being dominant does not infringe competition rules, the OFT considered whether BSkyB had abused its dominant position in relation to margin squeeze, mixed bundling and discounts and found that that there was no abuse of its dominant position. In order to transmit  sports  content, sports broadcasters need a prior consent or authorisation from theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °sports  organisation running the event in question, since they are the owners of the sports  content. English law does not recognise the existence of proprietary rights in a sports event per se. However, this does not mean that such rights do not exist. Instead, those rights are created, exploited and protected not as sui generis rights, but by virtue of the application in combination of principles of real property law, contract law and intellectual property law. Many sports rights including broadcasting rights are predicated on the event organiser having exclusive control over access to the venue at which the sports event is held. Under English law, sports broadcasting rights consist of a license to enter the venue, film the proceedings and transmit the resulting footage to the public (Arnold, 2001:51). Section 1 of the Copyright, Design and Patent Act 1988 (CDPA) provides that copyright subsists in, among others, broadcasts and cable programmes. Section 2(1) confer upon the owner of copyright in a work exclusive right to, among others, broadcast the work or make it available to the public by electronic transmission. For broadcasts, the copyright is owned by the maker of the broadcast (CDPA, s. 12). Copyright underpins the enormous industry that surrounds the creation and broadcast of audiovisual images of sports events. Sound recordings include player interviews, audio files, and tapes of radio broadcast. Films encompass audiovisual footage of sports events and news conferences, training sessions and player interviews, interspersed with coverage of pundits. Therefore, whilst there may not be any copyright inherent in a sporting performance per se, if that performance is recorded on audio and/or video-tape, that recording and its subsequent communication to the public by broadcast or electronic transmission will be protected by copyright. This means that the freedom of broadcasters to choose what sports events to cover in their sports programmes is restricted as they cannot broadcast copyrighted sporting material as this will amount to copyright infringement. However, the CPDA permits a present assignment of future copyright which takes place as soon as the copyright work to which it relates is created. For example, the BBC records and broadcasts coverage of a Premier League football match, then in the absence of such an assignment the owner of the copyright in the signal would be the BBC. However, in its broadcasting agreement with the BBC, the Premier League will have taken an assignment of copyright in the signal from the BBC and lice nsed back to the BBC the right to incorporate the signal into the BBC programming for specific number of times during the term of the agreement. Further, sport news access is effected through the use of the fair dealing exception in the CDPA. The provision allows for the copyright material to be used without the permission of the copyright owner where it acknowledges the rights holder and the use is appropriate in terms of the importance of the event. Further,  broadcasters  in the United Kingdom have adopted a News Accessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Code  of Practice, which provides regulation of the use of sports  footage in terms of the programmes in which it is used and the length of extract that is appropriate. In the BBC v British Satellite  Broadcasting (BSB) [1991] 3 All E.R. 833, BSB tested the fair dealing concept during the 1990 World Cup by extensively using extracts of footage to which exclusive broadcast rights had been acquired by BBC and ITV. The question was whether the use of the BBCs broadcasts constituted fair dealing for the purpose of reporting current events under the CDPA. The court found in favour of B SB and as a result of this case, the major  broadcasters  drew up the News Access Code  of Conduct. According to the Code, broadcasters have the right to hold opinions and impart information and ideas to their audiences without any interference and audiences are also entitled to receive those ideas and opinions. However, the licensed broadcasters are also required to comply with the standards set out in the Code. These include standards which protect members of the public from offensive and/or harmful material. However, this may pose a challenge to sports broadcasters, particularly where the fans chant offensive and/or harmful material, including discriminatory language or invade the pitch. There is also an ever-increasing use of foul language by players on live football matches due to frustration or being angry when decisions go against their teams. Besides this, it is worth noting incidents, such as the infamous clothes malfunction in the 2004 Super Bowl between Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson with estimated 6.6 million children from age two to eleven were watching when Janet Jackson exposed her right breast to the audience (Thornton, Champion and Ruddel, 2011:75). In addition, the standards set out in the Code must be applied in a manner which best guarantees an appropriate level of freedom of expression. This is because the Code takes into account the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) as well as the European Convention on Human Rights (Convention) (Ofcom, 2011:2). The right to freedom of expression in Article 10 of the Convention encompasses the right of the audiences to receive creative material, information and ideas without interference but subject to restriction prescribed by law and necessary in a democratic society. Further, consideration must also be made to Article 8 of the Convention on the right to a persons private and family life, home and correspondences. The Ofcom has also taken into account Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) and Article 14 (the right to enjoyment of human rights without discrimination on grounds such as sex, race and religion). In R. (on the application of Gaunt) v Office of Communications (OFCOM) [2011] EWCA Civ 692, the court held that the provisions of the Code had to be interpreted, and applied in particular cases, in compliance with Article 10 of the Convention. The appellant radio presenter appealed against a decision of the High Court dismissing his application for judicial review of a finding by the defendant Ofcom that a broadcast interview conducted by him breached the Code. The Ofcom had found the language used by the presenter and the manner in which he treated his interviewee had the potential to cause offence to many listeners contrary to the Code. The High Court held that the Ofcoms finding was not a disproportionate interference with the presenters right to freedom of expression as the offensive and abusive nature of the broadcast was gratuitous and had no factual context or justification. Dismissing his appeal, the Court of Appeal held that when deciding whether the interview offended the Code, the interview had to be considered as a whole and in its context. When the presenters extremely aggressive tone, his constant interruptions, his insults, his ranting, the consequent lack of any substantive content, and the time for which the interview was allowed to run on were combined, it was clear that Ofcom was right to conclude that there had been a breach of the Code. It was impossible to accept the contention that the publication of the Ofcom finding, which contained no sanction other than the stigma of the publication of an adverse finding by a statutory regulator, represented an interference with the presenters right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the Convention. The fact that the topic covered by the interview was of public interest was of limited force once the contents of the interview were considered. The Code does not address all issues which could arise in sports broadcasting. As a result, sports broadcasters may face a number of individual situations which the Code does not specifically refer to. It contains some examples, but they are not exhaustive. However, the principles set out in the Code make it clear that the Code is designed to achieve and help broadcasters make the necessary judgements (Ofcom, 2011:6). Sports broadcasters can make programmes about any sport issue they choose, but they must at all times ensure that the programmes comply not only with the general law, but also with the Code. The Ofcom may provide general guidance to sports broadcasters on the interpretation of the Code. However, neither such advice will affect Ofcoms discretion to decide on cases and complaints after the programme has been broadcasted nor the exercise of its regulatory responsibilities (Ofcom, 2011:6). There may be problems of differentiating between user generated contents (UGC) and professional contents offered on UGC platforms. There may also be blurring boundaries between audiovisual media services provided by sports newspapers and sports channel websites as well as online newspapers and sports news portals. A service fall outside the Authority for Television On-Demand (ATVOD) if the video content appears as integral part of online version of newspaper, for example, alongside a text based story. However, the audiovisual content on a website will fall within scope of the ATVOD if it constitutes a consumer destination in its own right and the content can be viewed and enjoyed without reference to the publication offering. There have been challenges against ATVOD determinations for qualifying video services as on-demand programme service (ODPS). In February 2011, the ATVOD held that the  Sun Video  section of  The Sun  website was an ODPS within the meaning of section 368A of the Communications Act 2003 and should have been notified to and regulated by the ATVOD as such (Lewis, 2012). According to section 368A, to be an ODPS, a service must fulfil five criteria. These are that the principal purpose of the service should be to provide programmes which their form and content are comparable to TV-like services, must be accessible on-demand, there must be a person responsible for editorial, it is made available for use by members of the public, and it is within the United Kingdoms jurisdiction. ATVOD has the power to decide which services constitute an ODPS and to provide guidance on the matter. Any exercise of ATVODs power is subject to appeal to Ofcom. The Suns owners, News Group, appealed to the Ofcom based on the first criterion that the principal purpose of the service was to provide programmes the form and content of which were comparable to TV-like services. It further argued that the  Sun Video  section was part and parcel of the whole site, which was an integrated offering. The ATVODs view was that the  Sun Video  section of  The Sun  website was an ODPS. In applying the five ODPS criteria, the ATVOD looked at the  Sun Video  section of  The Sun  website as a service in its own right and then applied the five ODPS criteria to that section. The Ofcom upheld the News Groups appeal, setting aside ATVODs decision and replacing it with its own. The Ofcom said that it was important to consider the whole of what is provided in order to determine whether there was any audiovisual material on the website whose  principal purpose  was to provide TV-like programmes. It set out a two-part test which it used and said should be used when assessing whether a service is an ODPS. The test comprises what Ofcom referred to as the principal purpose part and the comparability part of the test. With regard to the principal purpose part of the test, Ofcom said that where audiovisual content is provided together with other contents one all of the material in context must be looked at. Thus, it necessary to consider whether, taken as a whole, the audiovisual material forms part of a service whose principal purpose is to provide that audiovisual material, or is simply ancillary to the provision of some other service. If the answer to the fi rst test is in the affirmative, the question under the comparability test should be whether the audiovisual material is comparable to TV-like programmes. The Ofcom decided that the principal purpose test was not satisfied, but did not go further to analyse the comparability test. Ofcom provided some examples of characteristics of a service that its principal purpose could be said to provide audiovisual material. These include (a) the service having its own homepage; (b) the videos being catalogued and accessed separately; (c) the videos being presented and/or marketed as a TV channel; (c) the duration of the videos is substantially longer; (d) little or no linkage between the videos and other material; (e) where the service provides both written and audiovisual material, the audiovisual material is significantly more than the written material, the written is brief or introduces the audiovisual material, and the videos are the primary means of conveying to users the information they are seeking; and (f) the videos are ancillary to, or enhance, a non-audiovisual service. The Ofcom applied these tests holding that the aim of the  Sun Video  section was to collate and supplement the content from the rest of the website.   No part of the website was a servic e whose principal purpose was the provision of TV-like programmes. The Ofcoms decision could be seen as a victory for the operators of similar sites, particularly for online newspapers and magazines that are rich in video content. However, such sites may still be caught by ATVODs regulatory regime in future. A website providing a mixture of videos and written content  could  be deemed an ODPS. The Sun Videos displayed some ODPS features and fulfilled a number of the characteristics suggested by Ofcom which satisfied the principal purpose test, but on balance, the Ofcom held that  Sun Video  did not do so sufficiently to make it an ODPS. The Ofcom said that there was no blanket exclusion for newspaper websites. The Ofcoms powers of enforcement of the Code The Ofcom neither previews programmes nor requires advance schedule information (Carey, 2010:243). The broadcasters are responsible to ensure that the material broadcast does not offend against the (Carey, 2010:243. It enforces the Code by means of a condition in every licence requiring observance and adherence to the Code. It has published on its website the procedures for investigating complaints and the application of statutory sanctions to broadcasters (Ofcom, 2011).  The Ofcom may impose statutory sanctions against a broadcaster who has breached the Code deliberately, seriously or repeatedly. However, the Ofcom often issues directions to the licensee not to repeat the programme in question, or to broadcast the correction or a statement of Ofcoms findings. Other breaches of the Code may be penalised in fines and, in most extreme cases, forfeit of the licence. The maximum financial penalty for commercial television or radio licensees is  £250,000 or 5% of the broadcasters qual ifying revenue, whichever is the greater. For the BBC, the maximum financial penalty payable is  £250,000. In 2008, the Ofcom fined MTV Networks Europe  £255,000 for widespread and persistent breaches of the Code (repeated  broadcast  of blatantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °foulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °language  before the 21.00 watershed) in respect of its certain channels (Lewiston, 2008). In the same year, the Ofcom fined the ITV a total of  £5,675,000 for what it considered to be the worst breaches of the Code it has ever come across. The breaches related to the use of premium rate telephone lines in some of the broadcasters programmes. The fine is the highest ever imposed by Ofcom and reflected not only the seriousness of the ITVs failures, but also their repeated nature (Hughes, 2008:162). However, the failure of the Ofcom to fine the ITV anywhere near five per cent of its qualifying advertising revenue has been criticised in some quarters for sending out the wrong signal (Hughes, 2008:162). In 2011, the Government has proposed to reform the appeals process under section 192 of the Communications Act 2003 for Ofcom regulatory decisions by introducing an enhanced form of judicial review that would, for the first time in statutory history, allow consideration of the merits of Ofcom decisions. The Government believes that changing the standard of review would lead to more focused appeals whilst reducing the need for oral and cross examination of factual and expert witnesses. This would result in shorter hearings and more focussed pleadings than is presently the case. However, this would impose constraints on the right of appeal that do not apply to these sectors (McInes, 2011:14). b) The influence of the EU law and policy on the Code The main EU regulation of the sports broadcasting was the EC Directive 89/552/EEC on Television without Frontiers Directive (TWF Directive), as amended by Directive 97/36/EC and by Directive 2007/65/EC on Audio Visual Media Services Directive (AVMS Directive). The Audiovisual Media Services Directive  amended and renamed the TWF Directive by providing less detailed but more flexible regulation. It also modernised TV advertising rules  to better finance audiovisual content. The aims of the original TWF Directive were to harmonise television broadcasting law throughout the European Union, including by way of establishing minimum requirements relating to the protection of minors, rules on advertising as well as the encouragement of production of European works (Lewis and Taylor, 2009:1239). However, dated back to 1989, the TWF Directive dealt only with traditional television services. However, the advances of technology since its first implementation have been so vast that it became increasingly in need of updating to provide harmonised regulations to all forms of audiovisual services regardless of the type of technology used to deliver them (Lewis and Taylor, 2009:1239; Wardade, 2009:336). Consequently, the AVMS Directive was adopted in December 2007 requiring Member States to implement it within two years (AVMS Directive, Art. 3). The AVMS Directive provided two ties of regulation, depending on whether the audiovisual service was scheduled broadcast or on demand. It sought to be less restrictive for on demand services on the basis that the consumer had greater control over what it pulled down as opposed to scheduled which are received passively if a viewer switches on to a particular channel (Ridgway, 2008:110; McEneaney, 2008: 60). The Code took into account a number of requirements relating to television in the TWF Directive, as amended by AVMS Directive. However, by the time the AVMS Directive was implemented at the national level, it had already been superseded by technological developments (Wardade, 2009:341). Thus, the  TWF Directive and  its amendments has been repealed by Directive 2010/13/EU) on Audiovisual Media Services (AMS Directive), which came into force  on 5 May 2010. The AMS Directive was implemented in the United Kingdom by the Audiovisual Media Services (Codification) Regulations 2010, which came into force on 18 August 2010. Extracts of the AMS Directive can be found in Appendix 2 of the Broadcasting Code. The Code brings into effect certain provisions from the AMS Directive. Prior to the introduction of regulations to implement the AVMS Directive, product placement in programmes was expressly prohibited on scheduled television services. However, there was no regulation on on-demand services in the United Kingdom at all. The AMS Directive has relaxed the rules on product placement on on-demand services. The AMS Directive was implemented in the United Kingdom in February 2010 by Audiovisual Media Services (Codification) Regulations 2010). Article 11 of the AMS Directive permits product placement under certain circumstances. Firstly, the AMS Directive requires the responsibility and the editorial independence of the media service provider to remain unaffected.   This attempts to balance the free movement of services within the European Union and the need to ensure a high level of public health, consumer and child protection (Garde, 2011:92). The Ofcom has implemented Article 11 of the AMS Directive by revising section 9 of the Code which came into force on 28 February 2011. Rule 9.8 provides that product placement must not influence the content and scheduling of a programme in a way that affects the responsibility and editorial independence of the broadcaster. Secondly, the AMS Directive requires that programmes with product placement not to directly encourage the purchase or the rental of the placed goods or services. Rule 9.9 of the Code implements this more broadly by providing that references to placed products, services and trade marks should not be promotional. Thirdly, the AMS Directive requires programmes containing product placement not to give undue prominence to placed products, services or trade marks. Rules 9.5 and 9.10 of the Code implements this by further specifying that two factors may be indicative of undue prominence, namely the presence of, or reference to, a product, service or trade mark in programming where there is no editorial justification; or the manner in which a product, service or trade mark appears or is referred to in programming. Further, the AMS Directive requires viewers to be clearly informed of the existence of product placement and that the programmes with product placement should be identified at the start and the end of the programme, and when a programme resumes after an advertising break so as to avoid confusing audiences. Rule 9.14 of the Code implements the information requirement laid down in the AVMS Directive. On 14 February 2010, the Ofcom disclosed the two versions of the universal neutral logo which is used to inform viewers of the existence of product placement on television and the rules surrounding its use. The Rule 9.11 of the Code reproduces the requirements of article 11(4) of the AMS Directive by prohibiting the placement of cigarettes and tobacco products and prescription-only medicines. However, rule 9.13 extends the list by banning the placement of alcoholic drinks, foods or drinks high in fat, salt or sugar, gambling; infant formula, all medicinal products, c

Masking Ends in Deception, Much Ado About Nothing Essays -- essays res

Masking Ends In Deception?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare used many literary devices throughout his history to create timeless classics. Much Ado About Nothing is no exception. He used things such as themes, symbols and motifs to create this effect. Masking is the prominent motif in Much Ado About Nothing. It is seen many times over in this play. There are two kinds of masking that Shakespeare used in Much Ado. One is literal masking, this where a character actually wears a mask during the play. This is seen several times. There is also another form of masking that was used in Much Ado About Nothing, this is literary masking and this is when characters hide and/or makeup plots to put into others heads for a benefit or a cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Act II, scene i, a â€Å"masked ball† was underway in a hall in Leonato’s house. This is a prime example of literal masking. In the previous scene, Don Pedro learned of Claudio’s love for Hero. Since he is the â€Å"cupid† of this story, he decides that at the ball he will mask himself as Claudio to determine if Hero’s love is returned. So while at the ball, Don Pedro, masked as Claudio, dances with Hero and says, â€Å"Speak Low, if you Speak love.† Of course she agrees, and eventually she and Claudio plan to be married the following Friday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Act II, scene ii, Don John sets up a plan of yet another act of masking. His plan is set up so Borachio looks to be making love to Hero, yet he...

Fiction vs. Non-fiction Boundaries Essay -- Books Literature fiction T

Fiction vs. Non-fiction Boundaries Blurring the boundaries between Fiction and Non-Fiction has always been a great way for authors to make their points, yield their arguments, and to keep interest. Some may even be inclined to believe that there is not a definite boundary between the areas of fiction and non-fiction. Fiction is often used throughout non-fiction writings as more of a point of view than a character in itself. This voice is not exactly a character in the text, but it still exercises an attitude toward the material to help control the writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lola,† by Truman Capote is a great instance where these boundaries are so well mixed, that it becomes hard to tell the difference where one starts and another begins. This story is about a bird named Lola, and the main character. At first, Capote doesn’t like the bird and in fact despises it. However, towards the middle and towards the end of the story, he beings to care for the bird and treat it as a pet. This story does not state very many facts like one would expect throughout a non-fiction account, but rather tells a story like in fiction writing. By doing this, the reader would actually never suspect that the story was in fact non-fiction without being told so. It is a first person account of the events that unfold throughout the story. Capote does a fantastic job of revealing these events and holding the readers attention instead of boring the reader with the strict description, times, and dates such as one would find some non-fiction wri tings. He incorporates humor into the story to help with the excitement of these events. â€Å"The Kerry decided Lola was the latter. He tapped her with his paw. He chased her into a corner. She fought back, pecked his snout; her cawing were coarse and violent as the harshest cures words. It frightened the bulldog;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This sentence revels some of the intermingling of fiction and non-fiction that Capote utilizes within the account. He is actually giving human characteristics to these animals where the dog â€Å"decides† and the bird begins to â€Å"swear†. Capote does not actually know what these animals are thinking so this is a perfect example of fiction controlling the tempo throughout a non-fiction writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The structure of â€Å"Lola† relates strongly to the structure of a fiction story. It includes an introduction, middle, climax, and ending. Similar to ficti... ...ases. The reader does not know if Danny Deever is a real person or just some made up fictional character. The poem actually describes Danny and his death to the reader. â€Å"For they’re done with Danny Deever, you can hear the quickstep play. The regiment’s in column, and they’re marching us away.† These Sentences show how the poem rhymes and yet confuses the reader in the fiction or non-fiction account of the poem. The reader does never really discover what the poem is and this is the exact reason why the author made it this way. To keep the reader guessing and to hold the attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blurring these boundaries between Fiction and Non-Fiction has always been a great way for authors to make their points, yield their arguments, and to keep interest. If authors did not utilize this particular technique, most non-fiction accounts would become boring and uninteresting to a reader who did not want to learn about the particular. It is completely acceptable as long as the readers are told of the fictional aspect of the work. This is not one of the easiest techniques to use but if written correctly, creating a fictional account cannot be considered anything but excellent writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Women Heed Stroke Warnings Better Than Men :: Essays Papers

Women Heed Stroke Warnings Better Than Men I read an article from the American Psychological Association Monitor. The article deals with women and the fact that studies show they heed stroke warnings better than men do. A stroke awareness program in central Illinois significantly increased public knowledge of stroke warning signs, but more among women than men, a team of medical researchers found. According to the article, the study’s lead researcher, psychologist Wayne Dornan, PhD, believes the key to women’s better performance can be found in the results of a two-year-old study, which found women fear motor impairments from stroke more than death and men fear death more than any deleterious consequence of stroke. In the more recent study, Dornan and his colleagues evaluated people’s understanding of the risk factors for stroke among residents of the twin cities of Bloomington and Normal in central Illinois before and after they implemented a five-month intensive stroke-awareness campaign. Overall, the number of people who knew at least one stroke warning sign—including weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding simple statements, and sudden blurred or decreased vision increased from 57 percent to 78 percent. But most of that increase could be accounted for by a rise in women’s awareness 67 percent to 81 percent. Men’s awareness barely increased at all apparently, more than half were unable to name a single stroke warning sign before and after the awareness campaign, the researchers found. The researchers obtained their data by surveying a random sample of more than 1,314 of the 100,000 residents of the twin cities before the campaign and 1,216 residents afterwards. Dornan said in the article that new time-sensitive pharmaceutical treatments for stroke have made it more imperative than ever that people recognize the symptoms of stroke and seek immediate treatment,. And another new study, noted by Doman published in an issue of Stroke suggests that the number of strokes in the United States is dramatically higher than previously estimated: 700,000 annually as opposed to the earlier estimate of 500,000.

Significance of Delegation in Nursing

The Significance of Imparting Delegation to Nursing Students Johannes Gonzalez Aquinas College N232 Trends and Technology in Nursing Changes in the health care system and the nursing shortage have been a major cause of the transformation in primary care for the patients. Hospitals are now using unlicensed assistive personnel who help provide direct as well as indirect care for patients under the supervision of nurses. This change will demand that nurses have a sharper understanding of delegation.Teaching future nursing students how to delegate different responsibilities using their communication and critical thinking skills should be a significant subject in schools. Schools should focus on students’ active learning techniques to enhance this skill. Some of these techniques can be didactic content, case studies, and clinical placement. These learning techniques will consequently assist the nursing students realize the importance of delegation thus preparing them more comprehen sively for their future career. When students use these methods, they increase their competence on the subject of delegation.This article allows students understand the importance of delegation in the health care system today. A positive point of view from this article is how the author gives different examples of why is vital to teach delegation to nursing students. As a nursing student, I was able to experience how essential delegation is at a clinical setting by using the learning activity called clinical placement. Clinical placement allowed me to additionally understand how I can use critical thinking to delegate different tasks to other team members.There was one negative aspect to this article in my opinion. The author failed to provide actual examples of how delegation can be use in care facilities. I believe there are many things that students can learn from this article. The major key is how students can foster delegation skills by combining the active learning techniques from education and the clinical involvement from the healthcare facility. Reference Powell, R. (2011). Improving students' delegation skills. Nurse Educator: Clinical Issues, 36(1), 9-10.

“A Far Cry from Africa” by Derek Walcott Essay

A removed c e really last(predicate) from Africa Derek Walcott Summary and Critical digest A farther Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott deals with the theme of split individuation and disturbance ca practice sessiond by it in the face of the skin in which the poet could side with neither party. It is, in short, near the poets ambivalent feelings towards the Kenyan terrorists and the counter-terrorist white colonial government, some(prenominal) of which were brutal, during the indep block upence struggle of the country in the 1950s. The persona, probably the poet himself, can take stick out of n star of them since both bloods circu young on his veins.Derek WalcottHe has been given an English lingua which he loves on the 1 hand, and on the otherwise, he can non tolerate the brutal murder of Africans with whom he sh ars blood and some traditions. His scruples forbids him to favour in furtherice. He is in the pass on of indecisiveness, lush, give careing to see peace a nd unanimity in the region. Beginning with a hammy entrapting, the song A Far Cry from Africa opens a horrible scene of battue in African territory. Bloodstreams, scattered corpses, plant louse show ghastly sight of battle. innate blacks atomic number 18 being exterminated homogeneous Jews in holocaust following the cleanup spot of a white child in its bed by blacks. The title of the metrical composition involves an idiom a far telephone c every(prenominal) believes an impossible thing. But the poet seems to use the words in other comprehends in any case the title suggests in one sense that the poet is writing close to an African exit from a distance. Writing from the island of St. Lucia, he feels that he is at a vast distance- both liter whollyy and metaphorically from Africa.A Far Cry may in wish well manner read another meaning that the real stir of the African paradise is a far abuse from the Africa that we do read rough in definitions of gorgeous faun a and flora and interesting village customs. And a trio level of meaning to the title is the creative thinker of Walcott hearing the poem as a far cry coming all the way across thousands of miles of ocean. He hears the cry coming to him on the trend. The fauna mental run intory is another important feature of the poem. Walcott estimations as acceptable violence the nature or rude(a) law of animals killing from to each one one other to eat and survive however human beings sport been gimmicked raze the unseemly animal behavior into worse and meaningless violence. Beasts come out breach than upright man since animals do whatthey must do, any do not stress divinity through inflicting pain. Walcott believes that human, un comparable animals, use up no excuse, no real rationale, for murdering non-combatants in the Kenyan conflict. Violence among them has turned into a nightm atomic number 18 of unacceptable atrocity found on color. So, we nonplus the Kikuyu and viole nce in Kenya, violence in a paradise, and we have statistics that dont mean anything and scholar, who tends to throw their weight slowly the colonial policy Walcotts ball over is very near by the dead endards of the late 1960s, even restrained. More striking than the animal imagery is the image of the poet himself at the end of the poem. He is divided, and doesnt have any escape.I who am poisoned with the blood of both, whither shall I turn, divided to the vein? This sad expiry illustrates a consequence of displacement and isolation. Walcott feels orthogonal in both burnishs due to his tangled blood. An individual sense of identity arises from pagan influences, which define ones face according to a particular social clubs standards the poets hybrid hereditary pattern prevents him from identifying directly with one culture. Thus creates a feeling of isolation. Walcott depicts Africa and Britain in the standard roles of the vanquished and the conqueror, although he portray s the cruel imperialistic exploits of the British without creating understanding for the African tribesmen. This objectively allows Walcott to contemplate the faults of each culture without reverting to the bias created by attention to moral considerations. However, Walcott contradicts the savior image of the British through an unfavorable description in the ensuring lines. Only the worm, colonel of carrion cries/ waste no compassion on their separated slain. The word colonel is a punning on colonial in any case.The Africans associated with a primitive natural strength and the British portrayed as an artificially enhanced power retain equal in the contest for agree over Africa and its hoi polloi. Walcotts divided loyalties suffer a sense of guilt as he wants to adopt the civilized culture of the British just cannot excuse their degenerate treatment of the Africans. The poem reveals the extent of Walcotts consternation through the poets softness to resolve the paradox of hi s hybrid inheritance The introduction to Yasmine Gooneratnes first appealingness of short stories begins with a 9th century poem translated from Gaelic and is littered with listences to the germs colonial education, post-colonial experience of exile and transportation (Sri Lanka toAustralia) and a revelation of a impassioned dedication to the British literary jurisprudence (viva Ben Jonson, Alexander Pope, Jane Austen). If you ar left, at this stratum, with a feeling that you are about to be force-fed traditional mingled with the lines, subaltern southern near Asian diaspora narrative that will turn your brain into PoCo foie gras, dont worry-you are not alone. You will first be greeted by a blizzard of kurakkhan, karipincha leaves and other italicised delicacies, and if you hold on for just a bit longer, you will feel How Barry Changed His Image and will forgive all the 46 pages that preceded it.In this story, Bharat and Navaranjini Wickramsingha swap Sri Lanka for Aust ralia and put forward on setting themselves apart from Australias large Vietnamese population whom they refer to as those Ching-Chongs slit-eyed slopeheads. As Wickramsingha glows toxic in his emerging racial self-hatred, his wife listens to talk-back radio, happily absorbing some top Australian argot, and before long Bharat and Wickramsingha have effaced their opulent Otherness to become Barry and Jean Wicks professedly blue fair dinkum Aussies. Good Onya Barry. scram it 10 bestsellersClick here to EnlargeWritten surrounded by 1970 and 2001, umteen of the 17 stories are sopping with a deliciously tart zest, especially the ones set in Australia that are free of all the annoying echoes explanations that often accompany stories of a linguistically hybrid reality for a western consultation. Thematically disparate, the best stories are the ones like A Post compound Love Story, His Neighbors Wife and a few others that are both dark and funny and also lucid in their disclosure o f the (mis)conceptions of identity and race and cater interesting cross-cultural commentary.The few stories that are set in Sri Lanka do not satisfyingly assert the country, its people or its troubles and most condemnable of all almost all the stories are burdened with prescriptive twists in the averment, which can leave you feeling that youre eight, in moral science material body and have just been slapped on the wrist with Ms Austens Sri Lankan silkwood ruler.To provide interpretations of imperialism and the struggle for decolonisation from it requires a regular and conscious shedding ofthe old, especially when it is overstep that relics of the Raj reside so deep in our rhetoric that some prison terms it is impossible to be certain theyre even there. on that point are always new-made stories of new ways in which post-colonial repression, impotence, diaspora and displacement raise their head, but if youre coming to this collection looking for that kind of revelation, y ou might have to take it under the knife. Chances are youll materialize nothing that hasnt been previously diagnosed its all quite benign, and in the end, but for Barry and the Aussie angle, I fear The Masterpiece as a peep show of post-post-colonial head word mostly beats around the bush.Chinua Achebe argues that writers, just as historians explore record or politicians deal with politics, have to fulfill their assign duty To educate and regenerate their people about their countrys ascertain of themselves, their history, and the area. He openly and impregnably expresses his immobile conviction about how atomic number 63 influenced Africas self-image, and his arguments are designed to announce this legal opinion. Assertively, he produces it choke that Africans would suffer from the belief that racial inferiority is acceptable. He wants to change this trip up and calls African writers to be responsible for and use themselves to their hostelry. Throughout the essay, he uses several evident occasions as supportive archetypes for his claim. Achebe begins by clarifying that the kind of writing he does is relatively new (40) in Africa. By explaining that the Africans have been educated by the Europeans in terms of the common relationship between writer and society, he shows that the Europeans adopt has been injected into the African mind check to the Europeans, an artist in particular a writer would be in drive against society (41).Achebe, however, hints that his people should not spew (40) the Europeans . He is eager to explore what society expects of his writers instead of what writers expect of society. By doing so, he wants to concentrate on the situation at his homeland, stating that he knows thathe does not have to write for a contradictory audience (41). This sentence is one of the examples for when his language reveals that he is very autonomous, even a miniscule bit arrogant, and willing to express his opinion overtly. In the next segment, Achebe indicates that most of his lecturers are young, which implies that they still have a view of capacity to get educated. Thus, hope on a better self-image of Africa arises. Achebe claims that many of his readers regard him as a teacher, a statement which is almost pretentious. In this part, he also includes a letter from a blue Nigerian fan in regularise to show what a reader like him expects from the author, Achebe. Suggesting that it is quite puzzle out what this particular reader expects of him (42) is a false dilemma because it seems like there is besides one election of looking at the situation, which manipulatively guides the reader to view things like Achebe. Through an encounter with a young woman teacher who complained about the progress of the course of events in Achebes No Longer at Ease, the author realized that he require to make his novels afford an opportunity for education (42).He does not think the womans opinion is right. In this part it becom es clear again that Achebe is very self-assured, as he points out that no self-respecting writer will take dictation from his audience and must remain free to disagree. However, he cleverly depicts himself as merciful because he comprehends that his European-influenced society needs to be expeditiously educated. His concern comes into sharper relief in the next segment. Achebe sardonically illustrates one of the differences between Europeans and Africans by the example of turning hygiene into a god (43), a special(a) blasphemy in Achebes eyes. He admits, though, that Africans have their own respective sins, the most significant being their acceptance of racial inferiority (43). He confesses that not only others need to be blamed African people, as well, would have to dislodge out where they went aggrieve (43). It follows a short anecdote of 1940s Christians who where shocked to see Nigerian dances on an anniversary, which exemplifies the result of the disaster brought upon the A frican judgment in the period of subjection to extraterrestrial being race (43).Achebe uses appeal to pity here and in other parts, as he only presents the picture of the pathetic African. In this way, he disregards the fact that the West does and then know many educated, highly respect men, tales, and traditions from Africa. His nextexample further describes the traumatic effects of Africas first confrontation with Europe (44). Achebe tells about a student who wrote overwinter instead of the African trade wind harmattan which occurs during wintertime just because he was timid to be called a bushman by his peers. Achebe does not want his people to be shamed of their origin, he wants Africa to regain belief in itself and put away the complexes of denigration and penance (44). It seems like Achebe tries to rectify the sentiment that has been inflicted to his African people through post-colonialism. Achebe maintains that education needs to be advanced in battle array to get on their own feet again (45). Achebes theme becomes most clear in the next part when he requests his society to confront racism and rediscover themselves as people. In ready to secure these goals, he obliges writers to educate society with their works. He glorifies the writer as the sensitive point of community, and brings up the argument that each frolic carries certain duties that need to be set up as society expects them to be. Achebe himself almost seems to demand for these expectations, as he would not wish to be excused (45).The essay concludes with Achebe quoting a Hausa folk tale in order to show that art and education do not need to be reciprocally exclusive. He leads the reader onto a dodgy slope here, as he claims that if one considers the tales ending a nave anticlimax (46) then one would not know much about Africa. This expressive conclusion can make the reader feel like he would be uneducated and prejudiced. Achebes pep up to make African society stand up for a utonomy and to make them find self-confidence is approached in a very subjective manner. It is questionable whether he is too subjective at some points. interlingual rendition his essay raises the question When is subjectivity veracious? It depends whether Achebes claims and false dilemmas base on historical facts, common opinions, or his private observations, which can not absolutely be detected through this essay.However, regardless of where his claims have their origin, he overgeneralizes too forceful for example by demanding that each and every writer should take upon the business of education society. Achebe could as well just speak up for himself and announce that he proudly embraces the task that he himself has given to him. He could be satisfied with that and leave the rest alone, but his emotion come into play. Due to his troubled attitude towards Africansself-perception and its history with Europe, Achebes views are inevitably bleached with a sometimes direct, sometim es validatory call for change. He strives to present the world a different image than the self-conscious one he assumes exists persistently. By the time he wrote the essay, this assumption might have been true, but reading the essay today, it leaves an exposure of an author who desperately tries to force the immaculate image of Africa onto the public.