Losses jobs during the recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Losses jobs during the recession - Essay Example fooling there is rapid shedding of jobs. There is a very sharp fall of oil and tame prices. The most affected argon the people who do not contain a college degree. There is a fall in construction work, retail market in addition to hotel work. Home investors and home owners have suffered great losses that cannot be compared to the social security checks that renters and retirees depend on (Leonhardt, 2009).El Centro city in California State has been adversely affected by the great depression as referred by others. astir(predicate) 22.5 % of its population has suffered from the cruel hand of unemployment. El Centro has not only suffered from the brutality of recession but similarly from drought. Housing problem has also joined the two troubles the state has.House helps have not break loose the axe of unemployment. Many employers have opted to take their children who are very young to avoid having baby sitters. Those mothers that are no longer employed would rather do the house work than employ house maids.all(a) these developing trends due to the recession are resulting to inequality. The great depression crashed the stock market. This affected the wealthy and the middle class families greatly. Additionally, more people preoccupied jobs and more are on the verge of losing top and well-paying jobs. For example, the discover by Leonhardt (2009) reveals that the recession affected the Wall Street employees and so a large percentage of them lost their jobs.In a bid reduce inequality, the Obama administration has taken a stem that franklin Roosevelt took during the 90s depression of increase the taxes of the wealthy. Critics point out that increasing tax on the rich will only benefit unrivaled side, the poor. This step had enormous effects. The third key thing is very important because unlike during the great depression, students do not to leave school to work as labourers in different places. They will pursue commandment that will in turn help in curbing the loss of jobs during recess. As mentioned

WW II Responsible for Pearl Harbor Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WW II Responsible for Pearl Harbor - Thesis Example in front and during WWII, the Hawaiian Islands and Oahu, in particular, used to be an object of strategic importance. The quality of the military defence reaction provided served a reliable measure of the quality and efficiency of all military operations in the United States during the jiffy World War.During the prewar years Oahu and the Panama Canal Zone were the two great outposts of continental defense, and, after Japan plunged the United States into a Pacific War, Oahu became an essential springboard for the offensive that was finally to crush the Nipponese Empire. (Conn, Engelman & Fairchild 150).The quality of the defense procedures in the Hawaiian Islands at the beginning of WWII became a good test to the saliency of the military decisions in the rest of the United States territory. Despite the fact that the military significance of the Hawaiian Islands was astray recognized and the Army claimed the Hawaii to be one of t he worlds strongest fortresses (Conn, Engelman & Fairchild 150), the strength of the military defense provided left sufficient room for improvements. Failure to protect the Hawaiian Islands from the Japanese attack exposed the underground facets of inappropriate military decisions made by American politicians and commanders.According to U.S. Congress, the Hawaiian commanders were primarily responsible for bankruptcy to protect the Hawaiian Islands in December, 1941. U.S. Congress rig that the December, 1941 attack of Japan on the Hawaiian Islands was two an act of aggression and the result of the military misunderstanding among Hawaiian commanders (251). On the one hand, U.S. Congress found that Japan was primarily responsible for the attack and that the force of attack was too powerful and striking to yell and too unexpected than anyone could have thought (U.S. Congress 251). Consequentially, the U.S. military commanders could not employ

Effectiveness of Cloud Seeding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effectiveness of Cloud Seeding - Research Paper ExampleDespite the increase application, there are questions that have been raised relating to the technology and its practical uses, especially in regard to its effectiveness. The beat of this paper is to address such questions by analyzing the effectiveness of hide seeding. Application of Cloud Seeding In China, during the utmost preceding the Olympics festivals, stain seeding was used to cause rain and snow. This technology was specifically applied in northern China and was successful to the extent that in snowed for the first time in Hebei, around Beijing (Moseman, 2009). The Chinese capital had not witnessed any precipitation before this from the previous October. The precipitation formed as a result of cloud seeding was significant and caused at least the closure of 12 area heightsways in or near Beijing. Cloud seeding in this case saved China from the pangs of the worst drought in the inelegants history in the last few de cades. The seeding of clouds by the Chinese government to cause the snowstorm involved the use of over 40 scotchs of silver iodide, each the size of a cigarette stick Beijing (Moseman, 2009). ... In this way, they will no longer be distributed all over the atmosphere as footling droplets but regroup into few big droplets. Fog removal is important especially where high visibility is paramount such as in airports. Studies have indicated the high level of effectiveness of cloud seeding in removing fog and clouds from affected areas (Ryan & King, 1997). The technology is effective in a few square miles and a good deal in a matter of hours. Lightning suppression has a high economic value to both humanity and the environment. Lightening can cause death and sometimes leads to the ignition of forest fires. When thunderheads are seeded with tiny aluminium fibers, they tend to dissipate some of their electrical charges in the cloud. Very little study has been conducted on the effectivenes s of this method in respect of lightning suppression. However, the little research conducted so far have accustomed promising results (Ryan & King, 1997). Cloud seeding and rain production Rain is an important factor in the production of lay down crops and during the rearing of animals. This is because rain is, in most cases, the main source of water in many areas. horizontal without considering agricultural productivity, rain is useful in that it helps in the regulation of temperatures and in containing dust and improving humidity. In fact, in desert areas such as the Californias Mojave Desert, it is a rare resource, its preciousness far beyond measure. Essentially, cloud seeding has been applied in many jurisdictions as a water management strategy, in many cases the technology being applied with an aim of causing rain. This is done by distributing chemical substances in the clouds, one rough-cut substance used in this respect being dry ice. The effectiveness of cloud

Data summry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data summry - Essay ExampleAlso, the p value of the pairwise association between item (i) 4 and item (j) 67 equal 1.000 and so on for the other items. This is indicative of the insignificant relationship between those items or the relationship between them very small. In addition, it was likewise evident that item (i) 4 does not influence item(j) 67.Finally, when the Rasch model was implemented for the data coefficient items, the consequent posed significant results where z- value for some of them were more than 1.96. The discrimination of the Rasch model was therefore definitive to be significant meaning, the model has high ability to discriminate between items.When one tried to generate a 2-parameter model for the data, the results were not at all conclusive and a massage was indicated, to wit system is hardly singular. Therefore, there is a need to further test this model to generate a more conclusive result.In the last stage, using the two parameter or three- parameter model, one found that the two parameter model is better because it satisfies the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and the Bayesian information criteria (BIC). As the results indicated, the two-parameter is less than three-parameter

REFLECTION Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

REFLECTION - Term Paper ExampleThis endogenetic live on has helped me to develop my knowledge in health explosive charge provision and in building my longsighted term and short term professional goals. This essay seeks to provide a reflective approach to the pedantic experience in Liberty University as one of the recommended superior ways of conducting a re- evaluation of learning experiences. My experience in undergraduate program has had a significant transformational effect on my attitude towards health care provision as part of the community service. One key aspect of nurse that has come reveal clearly in the learning experience is the sensitivity of breast feeding practice especially in its coating in community service. Human life is delicate and having to handle a patient it is vocational to workout extreme caution to avoid severe consequences that are associated with carelessness while handling patients. Wise to blood also is the high level of professionalism expect ed with every nursing practitioner in handling matters regarding patients (Rigolosi, 2005). As one of the most regulated professions in the United States, ethical standards must be adhered to strictly and scholarship of the various policies governing this field has prepared me to enter the nursing field with more expertise. In addition, I take hold gained a lot academic knowledge as pertains patient treatment and handling of medicine. In fact, the undergraduate program has formed a foundation for advancement in this field and has helped me to set up my career development path in future as part of perfection nursing. In the ply of learning, I have found a number of scores crucial in modeling my professional knowledge and skills. One of the courses that has had a great impact on my understanding of the nursing profession is the Nursing leadership course. In this class, I have learned what is expected of me as a novice in the nursing field and how to avoid common mistakes that new entrant in the nursing field often make. A unique content of this course is the nursing sensitive tint indicators that are used in evaluation of the key elements of patient care that reflects the structure, process and outcomes of professional nursing care. In the three processes, I have learnt the level of skills expected from nursing staff, methods of patient assessment and the expected patient outcomes as measures of quality of nursing care. As Rigolosi (2005) points out, nursing practice is a vocational service that demands the application of Christian principles while providing genuine and care-driven services to the community. Through this course, I feel that the university has prepared me with the necessary servant attitude while perpetration my duties as a young nursing professional. Another course that has become an eye opener in my learning process is nursing heed. One of the key dimensions of nursing practice that were emphasized in this course is the existence of he alth facility as a business entity. Just like in any other business, resources in the medical sector are scarce and their effective utilization determines the achievable quality of health that can accessed by the community (Rigolosi, 2005). I found the part of human resource management as critical especially in nursing staffing and hiring of medical professionals. However, I found this

Evaluation of myself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of myself-importance - Essay recitationAs per my mother, I was always a disciplined and good natured person who has evolved into a responsible and veritable personality. It goes without saying that while constructing this configuration my mother was to a large extent biased pertaining to the selection of information she subscribed to, to shape my persona. The information that she relied on to typify my configuration was primarily obsolete, as she had either lowly information as to how I carried myself as a social and professional person, or she decided to throw out the information at her disposal, going by the choice of words that she used to define me. Not to name that such a response from her was accurately in consonance with my expectations, though not in bicycle-built-for-two with my innate self concept. I can say that my mothers opinion of me was aimed at securing best relational satisfaction for her. The configuration contrived by my mother catered to my inna te self concept that is adhered to a large extent to the stable set of perceptions that I held about myself. This indeed boosted my self esteem as it satiated that aspect of my, self concept that involved personal evaluations of my, self worth. I also guide to mention that this particular interaction with my mother proceeded smoothly as her and mine communication was indeed impact by a mutually evinced high self esteem. As my mother happens to be a noteworthy other in my life I must acknowledge that her evaluation of me was especially taken to be politic influential. This evaluation was no way influenced by any viable and pragmatic social comparison. Wang had been works as my subordinate for the past ten months and in the context of personal expectations, I considered him to be quiet close to me, irrespective of him being my subordinate. However, the configuration that Wang assorted turned out to be really affect yet insightful in many respect. As per Wang, I happened to be a t alented person, who lacked in patience and many a times he found me quiet confusing and indecisive. The conclusions arrived at by Wang tore through my, self serving biases as I considered myself to be quiet a patient role and calm person. However, ascribing me to be impatient was indeed contrary to my expectations. Besides, in a way it turned to be insightful that I had always assumed Wang to be like me, which he was not. The configuration of Wang was always culturally influenced as he happens to be a person of Chinese origin. Being from a high exponent distance culture, perhaps Wang expected me to be hierarchical in my approach towards my subordinates, which I being from a low power distance culture, scarcely am. My habit of delegating responsibilities while extending minimal instructions may have turned out to be quiet unsettling for Wang, when he always expected me to be watch and concise with my professional expectations. The configuration facilitated by Wang especially uprai sed me of the need for retaining a flexible self concept and the need for not over resisting the revision of my personal self concept. Thereby while communication with Wang I tried my best to not to engage in cognitive conservatism that is seeking unaccompanied such information that bolstered my

US History Western Trail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US History Western chamfer - Essay ExampleSome of them argon English men and women with children tagged along some are French, who were later absorbed by the united States as French colonists in the upper Midwest of New Orleans, Louisiana. I noticed that the Englishmen were wearing smock undershirts, neckerchiefs, and hats. Even the men, not just the women of this period, knew their layering and to suffer for their style. Some wore stiffly starched collars and folded tips, which were a part of the fashion then. The endemic American dwellers, particularly women, were wearing ankle-length one-piece dress made of silk fabrics, very common among upper pump class women during that period. Their necklines were generally modest, with a fichu worn on them. Some of the men were wearing a linen paper pullover shirt made with full sleeves, deep-buttoned cuffs, a generous collar, and very long tails insert to the trousers. Their pants had straight, slim legs, and a flap that was buttoned t o the waistband.These emigres were traveling by walking, through barefoot in particular. Some of them came through steam ships all the way from their motherlands, which took them several weeks before finally arriving in this Hesperian part of America. The travel via the steam ships must have caused them too much anxiety, as Ive comprehend that traveling through these ships is comparable to risking ones life. Several people die in ships, and during those moments, the maitre d and his crews usually do not have any option but to conduct a ocean burial. The emigrants also encountered cholera, poor sanitation, and accidental gunshots in their long journey of the trail, which took them about 2,000 miles. There was a misconception that the emigrants biggest problem en route were the Native Americans, which in truth, were quite helpful to them (The Oregon Trail Retrieved on June 26, 2008).Traveling to the west entails hardship for this prospective immigrants, adding to the fact that the y had no one to depend on in their

Reading Response Questions for One.Life ( Preface chapters - Chapter Essay

Reading Response Questions for One.Life ( Preface chapters - Chapter 5) - Essay ExampleIndeed, McKnight explains that some people have misinterpreted rescuer teachings ab proscribed the kingdom. To many Christians, it only entails going to church and reading the Bible. However, Jesus emphasized that Gods kingdom entails going beyond this and identifying a dream which has been chosen for them by God.Ubuntu is a term associated with African Traditional Religion. It means humanness. In other words, it is a spirit of kindliness and togetherness. Actually, Africans were great egalitarians who believed in the kinship system, sharing and egalitarianism. I think it was supported by Jesus because He preached about generosity, love and brotherhood.5. If you do not already know the Lords Prayer by heart, I propose you memorize and pray it daily throughout this class on Christian Faith and Life. Write it out here in whatever version of the Bible youve been using in your study. (You can find this entreaty that Jesus taught his disciples in Matthew 6 9-13 or Luke 11

An argument on The Basic Law and the Limits of Toleration Essay

An argument on The Basic justness and the Limits of Toleration - Essay ExampleLiberalism strives to create justifiable criteria for determining what courses or options of actions are justifiable bring out of a persons set of feasible actions, or added to improve its significance, and options that people can lawfully pursue (Schmitt 147). A persons ability to make law for his or herself does not regard that the results of actions will be wise. In the name of liberty, they will begin doing weird things, in their privacies, and then opine about life being boring. According liberalism, liberty has a significant meaning only if it includes the independence to do things that everyone does not agree with. These are the actions that the liberals have to tolerate. This is what is referred to as liberal tolerance (Schmitt 145). Annette Schmitt, in his bind The Basic Law and the Limits of Tolerance is determined to assess whether a constitution that allows the suspension of individual ri ghts (Art. 18GG), and the restriction of parties (Art. 21.2 GG) deserves to be labeled as a liberal-democratic constitution (Schmitt 149). Schmitt performs this assessment based on the analytical mannikin created by the liberal concept of toleration. Tolerance is only meaningful, within the liberal concept theory if it has genuine limits. ... e is natural law created by Creator to, which everyone is entitled to, and it is the duty of a disk operating system (society) to cherish these rights (Benvindo 333). Some of these rights include equality before the law freedom of expression freedom of assembly and connector freedom of faith of conscience, and of creed right of property, of asylum, and of petition right to life, and the right to privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications (Schmitt 149). These rights are stipulated in Art. 1 GG. It asserts that Human dignity shall not be violated, and it is the duty of a society (state) to respect and nourish these rights (Schm itt 150). The content of Art. 1 GG, may not be altered at all, like Art.2 to 17 GG whose content may not be altered as long as their essential content is concerned. This is because Art. 1 to 17 GG are not ordinary programmatic statements, but directly applicable laws (Schmitt 149). According to the basic law, anybody who feels that his or her rights have been violated with a judicial ruling, a statute enacted by parliament, and a decree issued by the administration has the legal rights to present his or her complains before the Federal Constitutional Court. In this case, Schmitt feels that the parliament, local administration, and the judiciary are responsible for suspending or prohibiting an individuals right, which the citizens feel that is not objectionable (Rogowski & Gawron 25). A state is tolerant if it accepts to puts up with its citizens doing certain objectionable things. However, it has the freedom to stop tolerating these actions. The first stage in fillet tolerating i s Start prohibiting. A state may decide to prohibit certain courses of actions if it finds that certain rights are objectionable. When a state

PHI 101 Metaphysics and Theories of Reality Essay

PHI 101 Metaphysics and Theories of Reality - Essay ExampleWe live in a dynamic universe. fellowship is continually evolving. Progress on the scientific, economic and political fronts is essential for survival. Stagnation leads to entropy. There flush toilet be no standing still or going back. Growth is a fact of life and ensures that friendship is continuously updated, and new paradigms constantly replace the old.Once the dynamic character of knowledge is accepted, it follows that there can be no single universally accepted paradigm to withstand the test of time. Perceptions and standards change all over time and become relative to a particular period or civilization. There can be no absolute standards. Each new discovery indicates the shortcomings of previous perspectives. This mandates rotateness to the diversity of life. When knowledge is continually evolving, and change is inevitable, bigotry has no place in belief transcriptions. By acknowledging that beliefs and values a re relative, we open our minds to the viewpoints of others. This approach can contribute towards a better understanding of different perspectives and constitute a restriction against fundamentalism and rigidity in beliefs.The study of knowledge clearly offers evidence of the interdependence of all aspects of the world. The evolutionary nature of the universe, and of knowledge, tends towards increasing complexity. This includes social complexity. The contemporary theory of Open Systems emphasizes that all systems are open and demonstrates that there is fundamental interaction on all fronts, both within the component parts of a system, and with the surroundings. Interaction is a obligatory for growth. The complexity and organization of a system can be maintained only through this openness. yet as the units of nature are interdependent open systems, human society is also an open system which can survive only through interaction. Mutual interdependence is a fact of human life. We

Managerial AccountinG Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

managerial AccountinG - grant ExampleAs an accountant I do not need to take action myself and stay my friend, thus I will leave it to the management to deal with its employee and resolve the issue. However, as loyalty flavor on my part I will disclose all the information to the higher management even thou this is done by my dear friend because it is all about being ethical in the business. Managerial versus Financial Accounting My friend who is nowadays interested in finance and accounting came to me to actualize the difference between financial and managerial accounting. I started off by giving out the definitions to my friend. Managerial accounting, also known as cost accounting, deals with the internal reporting in an organization. It involves reports on daily or weekly basis that helps managers to make financial decisions. It is the identifying, interpreting and then exhibiting information to the managers. There is no licit binding for producing internal reports but firms do this in order to show a numeric see of goals and objectives. The focus of managerial accounting is on the needs of managers within the organization. (Hilton et al 2008) These reports are a futurist look and include budgets and forecasting analysis. On the other hand, financial accounting is the collection of financial info to formulate financial statements.

Clinical reflection paper exploring competencies in the transition to Essay

Clinical reflection paper exploring competencies in the vicissitude to professional practice clinical block experience - Essay Exampleon gives scope for violate infrastanding of oneself so that existing strengths can be used to build-up for future actions (Somerville and Keeling, 2004). Every nurse registered under the Australian Nursing and Midwives Council or the ANMC needs to exhibit a certain degree of competency command by the standard frameworks of competency standards designed by the ANMC (ANMC, 2005). High standards of competence can be maintain by the nurses through appropriate evaluation and examinations of ones own activities and performance, through clinical reflection. There are basically four domains of competency standards in nursing practice. They are professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, prep and coordination of take and collaborative and therapeutic practice (ANMC, 2005). In this essay, clinical reflection pertaining to critical thinking and analysis and provision and coordination of care will be discussed with reference to care of a a patient with diabetic diabetic acidosis in an emergency setting. While the domain of critical analysis and thinking refers to self appraisal, professional development, and the revalue of evidence and research for practice (ANMC, 2005), the domain pertaining to coordination of care deals with the coordination, organisation and provision of nursing care (ANMC, 2005). Gibbs regulate of reflection will be used because the framework is straight forward and includes a cycle of cook description of the clinical situation, analysis of the feelings of the practitioner, evaluation of the actions during the situation, analysis of the various activities and experiences during the situation and a conclusion for lessons in future (Online learning, 2006).During my postings in the accident and emergency department, a 35 year old woman Mrs. X was brought to the emergency unit by her husband Mr.Y with history of fever since 2 days and abdominal discommode and vomiting since few hours. The patient complained of easy fatiguibility and tiredness

Literary Analysis of United States Conflict in Iraq Essay

Literary Analysis of united States Conflict in Iraq - Essay ExampleThe continuation of the war in Iraq with no curiosity in sight is producing a negative impact, non only upon individual soldiers, but also upon the average American citizen whose tax dollars are being diverted away to fund causes in another nation, which do not concern him/her.The film Stop Loss opens by focusing on the lives of U.S. soldiers and their combat encounters in Iraq. It accordingly follows them home to Texas, where one of the protagonists Brandon discovers that he is the victim of a stop loss order that requires him to return to Iraq (www.en.wikipedia.org). The palpate of relief and joy on his return home changes into a sense of helplessness and a face of being trapped, because he now has to return to the scene of suffering and strife. He soon discovers there is no way out from the stop loss order others who had earlier contested these orders had failed to succeed.This aspect of the film represents t he perennial nature of the conflict in Iraq. It depicts the way soldiers are forced to keep returning to Iraq, to continue to pass in the needless violence and combat. The inability of the United States to bring about a decisive dismiss to a war which was initially presented as an easy victory is underscored through the plight of individual soldiers as depicted in the film Stop Loss. These soldiers are forced to return once again and again to combat regions, while the administration continues to pump billions of dollars into the war, without being able to bring about an effective end to the conflict.As pointed out by Shapiro (2006), the status quo has been preserved in the Iraq war and there is little that the professorship or his administration can offer in defense to justify the loss of life and the colossal financial costs being borne by tax payers to support the United States action in Iraq. In 2007, the budget for its military units controlled by the Pentagon was $450 bil lion and the War on

Interpretation of the Bible. How the critical reading of John assists Essay

Interpretation of the Bible. How the critical reading of ass assists in the meter reading of the gospel - Essay ExampleThe book presents an account of the ministries of Jesus in the public1. The book opens with witnesses and affirmation of toilette the Baptist and it concludes with the crucifixion, burial, and resurrection of Jesus. The book follows the three synoptic including Mathew, Mark and Luke. Reading the gospel of John therefore, aids in the reading material of the Gospel because of the information or rather the summary it relays and the unhomogeneous factors that the antecedent put into consideration. II. Interpretation of the record Interpretation of the bible can be done on the major purpose of the gospel. The book on its entirety can be interpreted on what the author wanted to pass to the audience2. Reading the book, it demonstrates that the author wanted people to believe in Jesus saviour to be able to have life, buyback and eternal life. The book recounts many of the miracles that Jesus did and how he overcame death. These accounts demonstrates clearly to the believers and non-believers that indeed, there is God and therefore, by believe in His name, we are assured of eternal life. John through the book aspires to reach out to the believer and his intention is to strengthen their faith in the gospel3. Going through the book, it is evident that Jesus performed all his miracles in the presence of his disciples. He wanted them to bear witness that indeed he had the power to perform miracles as directed by the Almighty Father in Heaven. John in John 211, mentions the consummation of first sign.4 Furthermore, there are various omissions that John omits in his book probably because of the fact that several(prenominal) of the issues are covered in the synoptic gospels. at that placefore, much information on the background of the narratives is omitted in the book. Omissions entangle various events and characters that happened in the New Tes tament and the life of Jesus Christ. The gospels last chapters themes from John 13-17, may not have any impact to the nonbelievers5. These chapters talk about Jesus final instruction manual to his disciplines, his priestly prayers and the last super that he shared with his disciplines. Non-believers may not be encouraged and move to change their beliefs based on these chapters. Going through John 2031, John evangelizes the gospel of Christ through very strong words6. He tells the readers that it is written that Jesus Christ is the son of God and therefore, whoever that believes in him will have eternal life. This is a very strong message that John is passing to the readers. The verse, guide a very strong message to the nonbelievers as swell up as believers to accept salvation to be able to inherit the kingdom of God. Reading John helps us to understand the gospel as well as other three books of the gospel. The book continued to put emphasis on witnessing and this is illustrated through various episodes such as the Samaritan at the well and John the Baptist7. Therefore, the book helps the readers both the unbelievers and believers to have and strengthen their faiths. There is enough evidence that is provided about the deity of Jesus through the claims of Jesus as well as many miracles that Jesus did during his life. The synoptic gospels Mathew, mark and Luke, have also addressed some of the issues or events that are presented in John but the way they are presented in John is precise and taciturn hence fostering easy understanding8. John selects specific material, which he uses to fulfill his themes and purpose, and this has made the gospel to be clear and

Stats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stats - turn up ExampleThe median age of the vendee is 46 years and the middle half of the buyers age is in-between 40 years and 52.25 years (interquartile range = 12.25 years). The minimum and maximum age of the buyers ar 21 years and 73 years, respectively. There are 4 mild outliers (21, 72, 72, and 73 years) in the data, as one buyer age is under 21.6 years (below the lower inner fence) and three buyers age is to a higher place 70.6 years (above the upper inner fence). There are no extreme outliers in the data.b. As shown in the scatter diagram depicting the relationship between vehicle profits and age of the buyer, there appears a positive linear relationship between vehicle profits and age of the buyer. The profits on vehicles for younger buyers are less as compared to the profits on vehicles for older buyers. Thus, Applewood Auto groupings merchandising departments belief that younger buyers obtain vehicles on which lower profits are earned and the older buyers purchase vehicles on which higher profits are earned is correct.d. Based on the above analysis, the Applewood Auto Group should go ahead with the advertising campaign as planned. The correlation coefficient value of 0.262 suggests that there is a lame positive linear relationship between vehicle profits and age of the buyer. The coefficient of determination value of 0.068 indicates that buyers age explains about 6.8% variation in vehicle profit. Thus, the buyers age has a small effect on vehicle profit. However, since, the sample size is very large (n = 180), this relationship is statistically significant. Therefore, the Applewood Auto Groups marketing department should use this information as part of an approaching advertising campaign to try to attract older buyers on which the profits tend to be higher.As shown in figure 1, there appears an increasing trend in house prices in the UK, London and wedlock East from 1986 until 2013. In the year 1986, the average house price in the London, N orth East and UK were

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflection - Essay causeFurthermore, I recognize that while text represents one form of literacy, literacy may also represent opthalmic elements in these regards, being literate in legal injury of the media or film is also possible.With the advent of the profit and the recent explosion of social networking platforms, its clear that literacy represents far more than mere literature or textual storytelling. Today its necessary for students to grasp literacy in terms of the complex array of modern modes of expression.I believe that multiliteracies will be about exploring the different forms of literacy that predominant the contemporary world. In these regards, I believe it will go beyond simply exploring textual literacy, but also consider the record of media literacy. In these regards, literacy will come to encompass a much broader or multiple understanding.In the contemporary world literacy encapsulates a much broader spectrum of understanding than in the past. For instance, co mputer games and card games have come to be examined for their educational value. While individuals generally consider literacy in terms of a text or visual based item, one must also consider that within deciphering these text/visual elements is the necessity of deeper heathenish understanding. The week two readings, while most importantly considering the necessity of school and home partnership, also show the necessity of deeper cultural understanding to achieve higher literacy. Keeping with this relation of culture and literacy, week 3s readings considered the nature of multiple-literacies not in terms of multiple mediums (textual, visual) but also in terms of multiple forms of cultural expression.The primary argument is that in the 21st century there has been a historied shift in the means of cultural expression away from predominantly text-based forms of expression. Furthermore, research has indicated

The Downfall of a Dictator Essay Example for Free

The Downfall of a Dictator EssayFerdinand Marcos, the man who would be President his was a story of success. It was a long, arduous advance to the highest office in land. He worked hard to achieve it. It was not an easy road there were frustrations, obstacles, and overt scandals along the way. But he made it. Despite seemingly irreversible defeats, he fulfilled what he promised his mother For every tear you shed now, there will be victory. (People Power The Philippine transition of 1986) Ferdinand Marcos The unforgettable among the Presidents of the Philippines, even over the world, then and now. When we here this name the first thing that always follow to our mind is Marshall Law or the dictator. In Marcos time corruption reached its apex. The Marcos government was labeled a kleptocracy, literally meaning that it was a government ruled by thieves. A kleptocracy can be be as a dishonest form of governmental corruption where the government exists solely to increase the per son-to-person wealth and power of its officials and the ruling class without regard for the wider population. On September 21, 1972, Marcos declared Martial Law.This label the beginning of the Marcos dictatorship. Proclamation 1081 placed the entire rude under the soldiery. It was signed on September 21, 1972 and inform to the nation in the evening of September 23, 1972. His main reason for declaring Martial Law as to make unnecessary the Republic and to reform society. He explained that the growing violence in the nation, caused by the leftists and the rightists elements had mother to certain magnitude that required soldierlike law. During this time, violation of human rights of the people in the rural areas was rampant. Upon his orders, the phalanx picked up and detained thousands of Filipinos suspected of rebellion. Hundreds of detainees were tortured by their captors. Some disappeared and were never found again. Many were held in military detention camps for years withou t trial. As a result of the foregoing measured, the crime rate in the agricultural was reduced significantly.People became law-abiding. But these good gains did not last long. After a year of martial law, crime rates started to soar. By the time Marcos was removed from power, the peace and order situation in the country had become worse. The rampant violation of human rights of the people in the rural areas suspected of being NPA sympathizers, the injustices committed by some government officials and powerful and influential persons, and the continuing poverty of the people were used as propaganda of the NPA in attracting idealistic young people. even up priests and nuns who were witnesses to the oppression of the Marcos dictatorship join the NPAs. The assassination of Aquino was reported to fix awakened the Filipinos to the evils of Marcos as a dictator.Millions of Filipinos who sympathized with Ninoys bereaved family, joined the funeral march to mourn for the death of an apt leader and to express their feelings against Marcos. August 13, 1985 was the beginning of the end for Marcos. Fifty-six members of Parliament called for his impeachment for graft, corruption, and other high crimes. Marcos called a new election for 1986. His opponent was Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno. Marcos claimed a 1.6 million vote victory, but observers found a 800,000 win by Aquino.A People Power movement quickly developed, driving the Marcoses into exile in Hawaii, and affirming Aquinos election. Ninoy Aquino was a great lost to the Philippines. I think that he could have been a great president. Even though some say that he was a fake hero because he really didnt accomplish anything and that he was fighting for himself only which is according to some comments that I read in some sites, for me hes really a hero and these things that they said is absurd in my opinion.

The Underlying Truth Behind the Disasters of the Families Essay Example for Free

The Underlying Truth Behind the Disasters of the Families EssayPeople forthwith atomic number 18 facing the most devastating effects of both advancement and social progress. Gone atomic number 18 the days when the families are noted as the hiding place for the afflicted. Most of the time, reports that are passed on in television, in the radio, in papers and now in the Internet are sourced out from the ones who are maltreated, those who are abused by wad in their own homes. Yes, the problem is rising and the victims are increasing either year. The issue on individual abuse becomes one of the menaces in the society that appears to be much strenuous to deal with.How then are these victims cared for? How are they protected and how are they later on treated for them to be able to move on with their lives? These questions and other more information shall be the basis of the account that follows herein. through with(predicate) the researches that have been further collected b y the author and the online interview and survey method that shall be apply as well by the author, the needed data for this particular study would be collected in order to arrive in a much more valid and practical conclusion.-i- Domestic maltreat The Underlying Truth Behind the Disasters of the Families Chapter 1 Introduction Abuse is a term that is believed to be an overload description of the actual situation that is happening in the society right now. It could be observed that through the years, the number of individuals being victimized by the state dilemma are undeniably increasing fashioning the word abuse not just a word but one among the many things that people within the human society fear most.Significance of the Study There is an important factor that defines perusing social dilemma as one of the most important issues that need to be dealt with by the experts who are concerned of primarily assisting the human society in recovering from the state factors of distress. Concerning the fact that cases of abuse fix the whole human community in many ways, it is indeed necessary to understand wherefore and how inglorious acts actually develop.The reasons behind the developments of the said situation and the effects that it leaves towards its victims would actually help in identifying which type of intercession actually fits the situation best. The victims are the main reasons why there exist some certain accept groups and NGOs that are devoted to focusing themselves in helping the people understand why and how they could help those who are primarily afflicted by the said social malady.It is the expectation of the researcher of this study to help the people understand the roots of the major advancing process by which abusive acts ontogeny every year. More than simply understanding the roots of the problem, this research also aims to make possibilities by which the said situation could be treated well by the authorities who are supposed to be tort uous within the treatment of the said social issue. To understand the objectives further, the following list shall enlighten the vision of the readers with regards the said purposes of the commencement of this particular study.

Business Intelligence in a Corporate Environment Essay Example for Free

duty recognition in a Corporate surroundings EssayThe purpose of this literature review is to deliver an over both perspective to the workings of crease instruction agency in a incarnate environment. With the on pitch of massive technological gains in the medieval decade the slaying of wrinkle apprehension has gr decl be accordingly. In the workplace the demand for credit line member improvement, responsive assembly line relationshiping, baseball swing edge foretelling, and national employment customer relations has triggered a fatality for a whole that watchs the melodic line unavoidably as well as the dissemble on order technology. This review testament center on the various argonas that argumentation organisation scholarship partakes in the workplace. There leave alone as well as be an idiom on ca utilize the longevity of these graphemes of building blocks. With these building blocks in the workplace interrogative moods concerning depa rtmental automation goals and the bear upon on the maturity date stages that argon involved with the existence of production line news social units. Finally, with the growth of info collection and ease of use, the security department and guidance of ships comp whatever schooling is intertwined with the operation of fear light.The Age of cultureThe Role of Shifting engineering scienceThrough emerge history technology has influenced the very fabric of business operations. The role of business countersign in this shift is the implementation and continuous improvement of that technology. This role is ever changing because technology continues to improve. While to more than(prenominal) or less the role of business recognition seems new and upcoming the usage and practice goes back to the earliest years of diligence. An example of this history would be in the automation assiduity. In years past large measuring rods of aim was do by hand. The role of the business analyst would be to collect and analyze the finished business performance from start to finish. Once this was done the analyst would narrow their focus to the individual in an tone- first to provide management with entropy to increase speed and efficiency. That role is now utiliseto analyze the administrations and machines that ar responsible for devising the products.While the example supra is simple the connection in the midst of the shift in technology and the role of business light is clear. With any business the desire for information is strong. To be free-enterprise(a) a follow inescapably to be aw argon of the business environment in which they go away. Business password serves to meet the information and improvement goals that drive the order to greater succeeder.For this literature review there is an hold write by Elliot poof that exemplifies the shift of technology and the role of business intelligence on it. magnate focuses on the large amount of com pany resources that be spent on the implementation, development, and management of business intelligence technology in the workplace. This attention has been drive by the increasing demand for much(prenominal) packet products and military force to manage them. Understanding this current shift King focuses on the role business intelligence has and allow continue to take in on the business that use selective information en mass.The denomination provides a scheme look at the history of selective information storage and mis designions be quiet to employee interest in accessing the entropy. This interest has more often than non been pushed down due to the complex nature of interacting with the information present within the entropy wargonhouse. With the explosion of the net and user assimilation to it these technical barriers are slowing beginning to fall (King, 1998).With the ease of use and judgement increasing employees are beginning to custody the rank of infor mation. This is where the role of business intelligence has thrived. Business intelligence has been implemented to bridge the gap between the employee and the business data stored in the warehouse. This is done through a variety methods that have do data more and more useful to the companies that have and utilize their data.King summarizes his clause with the attain fitting action that as the internet was openedfar and wide to all this should concept should be utilize to the data wareho development. While King understands that the two humanitys of technology are different he affirms that they are similar enough in nature that the resembling hail elicit be applied. Overall, the member provide a good look at how the shift of technology in business usher come forward fall the demand for remainss and the somebodynel that maintain and operate them (King, 1998). The impact of Business growthWith the growth of business the human has begun to shrink. No longer are companies th at employ a one hundred or even a honey oil considered to be impressive. In 2014 Bank of America was reembrasureed to have employed two hundred and eighty four thousand people to run its operations around the globe (Bank of America, 2014). The implications of companies of this size are amazing and have signifi ejecttly impacted the demand for business intelligence.To truly understand why a company would spend millions of dollars on business intelligence operations a simple example substructure be provided. For Bank of America individually employee is assigned a grotesque number or code that distinguishes him or her from the rest of the employees within the organization. On the other side of the t adequate to(p) each customer that has interacted with the bank is also assigned a unique identifier. If these are added together the quantity of unique entities starts to become astounding.The example above shows why a business like Bank of America would be heavily interested in util izing business intelligence as primed(p)s to manage the data associated with its business units. While the example provided only officees on parts concerning employees and customers the amount of data associated with those people can be mind boggling. For employees this data could be anything from human resource forms to holiday day requests. For customers the data could be products bribed, recorded securities industrying calls, net worksite interaction as well as a host of other areas.In 2000 Deborah Rowe an article that centered on business trends pushing database management systems to greater growth. Rowe focuses on the datawarehousing concept that has proved to meet a large major(ip)ity of business demands in terms of information management. The focus of the article is to apologise how get on with is pushing for advance and better(p) systems for managing data. The article dialog about how increasing competition has created a lean environment for data management. Compa nies that are complacent with their data are either failing or catching on to the wish for better interaction and usage of their data. Rowe delves into the mould of choosing these systems from a integrated perspective.The challenges presented by this type of implementation are rather glaring. These challenges include upfront cost, long term cost, and mismanagement of data. If a company chooses to implement a product that its employees dont understand correctly the effects can be devastating on the business. Hiring knowledge qualified employees to manage and implement the product is all-important(a) to long term success. With all of these hurdles of implementing a DBMS system the t involve can be daunting.Rowe discusses how the task of purchasing and implanting a DBMS require to be done with great caution and a clear focus. If a business isnt able to look further down the road and consider how the DBMS can be use in the proximo it exit fail everlasting(a)ly. Having a perspec tive that encompasses as such(prenominal) of the companies goals and visions is little. This is why companies are eer looking for individuals that are able to focus on a detailed system but be able to at the same time look at the broader scope of the companys wants (Rowe , 2000).In summation the article leaves the reader with an interesting perspective on the increasing demand for these systems. Rowe concludes that the ERP industry will grow and tremendous pace in the future. With that growth the get hold of for knowledgeable employees that understand the systems use and can translate the data to doctor business needs will continuing to increase.The increasing integrated demand. At its very core business is driven by two simple concepts. These are the laws of receipts and expenses. In business these two laws drive companies on a day-after-day basis. Popular opinion about theseconcepts can sometimes s office in either direction. Proponents may adjust all of their gage int o tax income extension while others will focus on creating the perfect lean business model.Whatever the theory or opinion is the law of tax incomes and expenses will remain the same. As discussed in this review the expenses of implementing DBMS systems and employing extremely skilled individuals can be massive. To a company that purely focuses on the expense side of the comparability these systems may seem like a waste of precious assets. To others who understand the future and current impact of these systems the last to utilize them is an easy one.Like the concepts of revenues and expenses the goals of a company can dictate the perspective of business intelligence units. The reason demand has begun to steadily increase over the past decade is the potential to affect both the expense and revenue side of the business structure. Business intelligence units are designed to support departments in ways that can amplify their current revenue production and decrease their expense hab its.An article written by Ken Rudin explains how corporate demand for business intelligence in their companies is steadily increasing. Rudin run outs about how business intelligence has become a very high priority for business executives who understand the nourishs they can derive from business improvement. This demand has grown to the point where corporate leaders are focusing on moving past the traditional business intelligence processes (Rudin , 2007) .Rudin explains the implications of this progressive thought process by paralleling the impact of software applications that software products have had on industry to business intelligence services. The word is foc employ on how executives are looking into custom company unique(predicate) solution provided on an instant. This type business process software is highly intuitive and seeks to provide all of the necessary tools needed to crystallise an informed business decision.Examples of these on-demand solutions are softwares li kes SQL Server Reporting Services by Microsoft. This software allows for not only the dis caper of information but the real time interaction with the data that the web services are pulling their content from. Rudin discusses how these types of solutions are not only catching fire they are exploding all over the business world. This explosion of demand is driven by the complexity of the data world pulled as well as the cost associated with the data creation collected and stored.This cost and complexity comparability is what Rudin believes is the come across piece to business intelligence demand. Like the example of revenues and expenses the idea surrounding on-demand solutions is the same. The question asked is, What can these solutions do that allow a normal employee to do their job at a higher take aim which in turns into a higher rate of return for their employer?Concluding Rudins article he discusses that a key factor associated with on demand business intelligence solution s is the usability of the product. Having solutions created that users do not understand or lose trust in can be a major drain on process improvement. Rudin emphasizes that the development of these processes needs to be done in such a way that they take into government note the users that are interacting with them. This is essential to developing a trust relationship between the users and the product (Rudin , 2007). Business Intelligence ToolsThe Role of ReportingReporting is one the about essential pieces of and type of business process. If a company sells laundry detergent it needs to know how much product it has, how much product it has sold, and how much it should produce. These collar simple questions speak to the ramifications of good reporting data within a business.There is so much information that is gathered by companies with the singular intent of providing reports for business decisions. This gathering is done in a way that the information collected in stored in some type of serverwhich houses a realistic warehouse. Like a physical warehouse it is critical to understand how and where something is stored so that it can be retrieved for future use.When it comes to reporting the challenge presented to businesses is the quantity and placement of their data. If a business is unable to utilize their data efficiently they are sacrificing business opportunities every plunk for the data is left idle. This quandary has been analyzed and the solution has been to purchase and employee people and products to provide this data in a useful format for business use.In a business intelligence unit a data analyst will focus on beginning(a) misgiving the overall goal of a report request. This is primary(prenominal) because the impact of creating something purely base on the request can lead to disastrous results. These can range from customers not understanding the terminology used within the reporting system to not grasping the capability or usage of the sy stem being used to provide the report.To devote sure these requests are understand correctly a business intelligence unit is commonly found implemented within a specific area of the business. This cultivates a broom knowledge between the highly technical nature of the reporting systems to the broad scope goals of a special business department. This type of side by side interaction can be a major benefit to not only getting more precise and accurate reporting it also serves as educating tool to the department through exposure.An article written in 2005 by Harry Debes explains this process in detail. The author of the article begins the discussion by emphasizing the importance of timely and accurate data. These two pieces are the bread and butter of business intelligence. The reason for this is that both factors are highly dependent on each other.Debes explains this concept by focusing on the energy securities industry and the application of business reports in this area of indus try. He shows that there various daily functions that are conducted that are in need ofconstant observe to allow for efficient operation. Some of the examples include repair requests, credit collections, meter usage, demand fluctuations, and around essential customers (Debes , 2005).All of the examples rallyd by Debes are common sense in nature but they require an blameless business process to strongly report on. Using the example of meter usage by having daily reports energy companies can identify issues establish on real time data and not be forced to swallow a catastrophe because of something as simple as mechanical fault. The problem could slowly be identified by a simple reporting tool that was programmed to expect a specific range of usage. If the range was violated the system would send an alert with a direct of priority found on the disparity of the ranges.The article written by Debes is a good example of how business intelligence reporting can be implemented in w ays that benefit the company at levels of the corporate ladder. From interactive financial data and forecasting to specific customer energy consumption and history authentic and accurate reporting in the energy industry is a very powerful tool that has been used and is being continuously improved upon for future endeavors (Debes , 2005). Impact of data driven ForecastingForecasting is an important an element of any business. At its most basic level it is simply looking to the future and make guesses to a specific result based on past and present data. This is where the role of business intelligence arrives. Data analysts like their namesake are paid to look at data and decipher how that data works and relates to the business.Once a data analyst is able to firmly grasp company data they can provide constructive advice based on the knowledge of that data. In addition to providing advice the data analyst can create reports that take past data and make estimations programmatically bas ed on definable trends. These reports can be provided through an assortment of softwares and displayed in formats that best fit the target audience.Having a system in place that looks to past data and provides usefulforecasts can not only give a company an idea of where they are passing they can also give an idea where their competition is exhalation as well. This ability to compare company performance to the market and project where the company is headed is critical. With timely and real forecasting a company can discern opportunities and threats within the marketplace before they even fare.With market competition becoming more and more intense the role of forecasting has been prioritized highly by most companies that operate on a large scale. This is clearly supported by an article written by Susana Schwartz about the greater need for more robust forecasting technologies. The concept of the article focuses on the bordering level of forecasting that business intelligence unit s are seeking to achieve.The author talks about how the undermentioned set of tools utilized by business intelligence units will be integrated into the business processes that have already been laid down. The key factors that are emphasized are the broad categories that these tools can influence. Examples of these are products such as SSRS by Microsoft, ARGOS by Ellucian, and APEX by Oracle.Each of these tools provide granular interaction with business process data while still being able to be applied to other categories. These tools are used to be the developing platforms that take the business process driven data and formulates it into reportable information used for forecasting. In the article these are the types of tools that Schwartz take ins when talking about integrated and real time driven tools (Schwartz, 2007).Concluding the article by Schwartz she emphasizes the foster of report generation. She talks about how even if the emphasis king be redundant the need to focus o n this factor is critical to accurate forecasting. This is because all of the past data collected is contained within the reports. Schwartzs realizes that for business units to understand any of the forecast data they need to be familiar with the data that has been collected and displayed within the provided reports (Schwartz , 2007). Data compendium and ImprovementThe core of what business intelligence does is data analysis and improvement. Both of these factors contribute to each other in a neer ending spiral of push and pull. When data is analyzed it is used to improve a process which in turn is analyzed. With this concept firmly in place understanding the role of business intelligence becomes clearer.As the facilitator of analysis and improvement business intelligence units are responsible for the flow between the two actions. When a department senses a need for analysis or improvement the business intelligence unit is used to facilitate that action. This indebtedness to faci litate these actions is what drives the demand by corporate leadership. As expressed earlier in this review having units that are constantly looking at moving the expense line down and the revenue line up is very beneficial a corporate entity.An article that was created in response to a seminar on business data analysis describes how this process is essential to the strategy development and future address of companys based on data analysis. The article provide insight into a bring together areas within the sphere of data analysis. One of these is building the foundations and structure of the husbandry within the company to watch over the data and make decisions off of it (Computer software .., 2012).This whole concept of creating a decision based culture is driven by the need for action in the market. If a company fails to take action on its corporate strategy it will fall behind its competition fairly promptly. The article discusses how through data analysis an attitude of dec ision making individuals can be created to promote action.The key of this data driven culture is the analysis that goes into making the data credible. Without credible data the ability to make decisions quickly and effectively is crippled. If employees cant trust the data they are working with they will begin to question the entire infrastructure based on a single data set. In addition to data analysis the article talks aboutimproving recruitment through data analysis tools. universe able to create a clear picture of who a person is before the expense of bringing them in for an interview can be a great time and money saver. This is done through congenital and external data analysis (Computer software .., 2012) .Once research is done on an individual the business intelligence units can categorize potential recruits and provide reports based on recruiters specifications. If an office manager needs someone with trio years of experience and a knowledge of a specific software system a tool can be created to provide that data in real time to the inquisitive party.When it comes to data analysis and improvement making sure that they are used in conjunction is essential for seamless implementation and continued success. An example of poor usage is providing a complicated and detailed report within a system that cant handle the data correctly. Even though the data itself is good the system used for improvement is poor. This can create animosity towards certain products and mistrust in data (Computer software .., 2012). Data managementThe term data management is something that has been thrown around industry the past few years. When this happens the real meaning of the terminology begins to take on a life of its own based on the perception of those trying to comprehend its true meaning. A clear way to explain what the definition of data management is to show the similarities between an industries accepted practice. Like employee management data management requires a certain style to correctly guide the direction of the data. In a department mountain a manager may spend time developing a plan that their employees will play specific roles in. The same is true with data management. Depending on the setting and usage data is set off in specific formats to meet highly granular needs. A good example is list of information that is associated with a companys employees. The data will stay the same but it requires a level of management to break into specific formats to meet different needs. The human recourse department might need the list as a reference sheet to pull information about quickly and efficiently. That same information could also be used by the employee development department to conduct surveys andgauge employee satisfaction.These examples are very simply but they do provide a good idea of how managing data in a succinct and efficient way can broaden its usage and usability immensely. There is an article written in the ledger of Digital A sset Management that describes the role of business intelligence on data management. This article provide a brief look into how the emergence of big data has pushed an emphasis on utilizing business intelligence units to provide levels of data management. The article talks about how business intelligence is beginning to play critical role in the storage, maintenance, and usability of the data. These three factors are critical in guaranteeing the reliability of information collected and scrubbed for company use. The first of these factors briefly mentioned is the storage factor. Arguably the most important of the three storage is the bucket where all unstructured and structured data is stored (Jordan Ellen , 2009) . Within the context of the article the authors describe how storage is the first step that business intelligence units have to consider when managing data. The tasks associated with this piece range from creating feeds to port information from various databases to creatin g tables and views within specific schemas.Within these tasks the question that is constantly asked is the question of available space. This question permeates each of the three factors but is most prevalent at the initial of data management. The second piece is the maintenance portion. This factor is most prevalent once data has been stored and refined into a usable manner. The article shows how this responsibility is what keeps business intelligence units in a critical role to companies data management needs. The tasks that pass away with data maintenance can range from eliminating old data, archiving, inputting new systems, and creating methods to encourage more efficient data retrieval and reporting. The final factor addressed in the article is the factor of usability. This concept is what non-IT personnel will focus most of their attention on when looking at data resources. Business intelligence plays critical role in getting the data into an understandable and usable format a t the customer level. This is the delimit piece of business intelligence focus. Employers look specifically for individuals who are able to translate the technical data from a database perspective and be able to make that information as clear as possible for non-information technology users (Jordan Ellen , 2009). Internal talksWhen considering things that business intelligence employees should do well is internal communications. In umteen companies business intelligence units will be the ambassador between the data and the customer. These individuals are responsible for understating the customers needs from an IT perspective. Once the needs have been holdd the customer needs to be made aware of how close or far away from their original needs are to the ones seen by the business intelligence personnel. Being able to discern what a customer needs is extremely important. The emphasis placed on cultivating effective communications between all parties is absolutely critical to getti ng the information needed to create or improve business processes. There are so more adverse situations that occur within corporate setting that could have been avoided by simply establishing channels of communications with involved parties. A good way to do this is to provide updates on the progress of the project. This can done by collaboration software, email, phone calls, and cheek to face interaction.By establishing a working and efficient internal communication structure customers are more at ease with the progress and process being developed. This is essentially a status gauge that shows that all parties are involved and have a say in what is happening. An article released by press outfit gives a good example of how companies are understanding the importance of internal communications and the role of business intelligence in it. Based on the trends within industry the article shows how the shift of technology has modify the way internal communications are done between IT and the various corporate departments. What has occurred in late(a) years is the need for new strategy development with business intelligence as key factors in these strategies (Business intelligence..,2001). From a corporate standpoint these new strategies have ushered in a different perspective of IT individuals in the workplace. No longer are individuals that work with databases left out of conference calls and meetings that determine company direction.The article clearly explains that the need for individuals with technical and corporate goal understanding need to have an opinion in new processes and strategies. These individuals are becoming more and more important because of their perspective on how technology is being used in the marketplace. The final portion of the article by press wire addresses an important decision thetransitioning companies have to make. The authors emphasize that decisions makers need to reshape their perspective of units like business intelligence and truly grade the opinions that are being shared. If this perception of the average IT worker from the 1970s continues to permeate a companys upper level management the likelihood of less opportunities and more threats to occur is much more presumable than competitors who are understand the shift (Business intelligence..,2001). Business Intelligence OutlookFrom a sustainable field outlook the question has been raised is whether business intelligence as a field is here to stay. In any profession this question has been and will be asked as the world changes. No profession is one hundred percent guaranteed that the field will continue to be useful to the society in which operates. This simple faithfulness puts into perspective the fragility of any profession.In regards to business intelligence determining whether the field is going to progress for years to come is difficult. Currently, the demand for business intelligence employees and or software is currently high. With many heigh t competitors in various industries searching for ways to cut cost and improve efficiency the current market outlook is good.On the flip side of this equation the risk for business intelligence to improve itself out of a job is a definite possibility. With new softwares being created the technical barrier created by big data is beginning to slowly fall. The threat to the field is that companies will purchase a customer based software that provides cookie cutter reports that can be used by non-IT users to make business decisions.An article by the journal of Journal of International Technology and Information Management touches on this topic and describes how measuring the effectiveness of business intelligence on a company can determine its future market outlook. The authors take a detailed look at how in some situations a business intelligence department has been effective for some companies while for others the effectiveness has been limited (Vinekar,Teng, subgenus Chennamaneni , 2009).The important factors that the authors cite for effectiveness center on corporate understanding of the role of business intelligence, implementation, delimit goals, and perceive value opinion. Each of these factors are cited because of they are all touched at the inception of the business intelligence unit within the company. Without these factors being addressed correctly the ability for a business intelligence unit to operate effectively is severely hampered.The first of these factor is the identity of the department. Just like meeting a person for the first time the impression created on the meeting is what defines the perception of the relationship. The article talks about how it is the responsibility of those implementing the unit to clearly lay out the benefit that the department will bring to the company as a whole. These individuals include directors and manager.This push stage is the first step in gauging whether business intelligence will be effective within a comp any. If corporate leaders understand the benefit of the unit and put their support behind it the initial reaction is more likely to be positive than negative. The caution that is applied to this variety is that if there isnt top down approval the unit will not succeed. The authors strongly emphasize the need for an executive push at the inception of the business intelligence unit (Vinekar,Teng, Chennamaneni , 2009).The second factor discussed by the authors is the implementation strain of a business intelligence unit. This is the first step to making a concerted effort for a business intelligence impact on a company. The authors talk about how this phase needs to be handled in a way that allows for immediate impact. The wise for this approach is that if the business intelligence unit can prove its value at inception the perceived value of the unit will be cemented in its early success.With this approach the authors also caution at the risks involved. If the unit is not lively t he likelihood of error is high. Just like theperceived value of the unit based on a positive rollout the same can occur for a negative one. The authors are inflexible in their idea that to make a good impact the unit needs to be prepared and aware of the tentative situation in which the unit is placed on the onset.The third factor is defined goals. The unit needs be able to clearly express their goals for improving the companys internal and external business processes. The article describes how the focus of the department needs to be grounded in the goals and direction set at the onset. This allows for an immediate understanding of what the unit hopes to achieve. The authors caution that without clear goals for the department the unit will not be able to work succinctly.The final and most important factor discussed in the article is the perceived value opinion of the business intelligence unit from the rest of the company. This perceived value is critical for unit to be able to pro vide opinions and trusted data. The reason cited by the authors why this value opinion is most important is because the opinion can be had by every employee within the company. The simple truth is that with more eyes watching the unit there is a higher level of critique applied to the actions done by the business intelligence unit (Vinekar,Teng, Chennamaneni , 2009). Departmental Goal ImpactIn most businesses the unit structure is scattered out into various departments that meet company specific needs. Examples of these include accounting, budgeting, marketing, human resources, RD, and many more. These departments all do things that are subject specific but require a certain level of overlap with the rest of the company. For example the budgeting and accounting departments are joined at various stages of the financials that the company uses.Having an understanding of these departments is very important from the perspective of the business intelligence unit. The reason business int elligence units need to grasp the subject impact as well as overall impact of departments is because the processes built usually touch more thanone specific department. What this means is that a data analyst needs to be able to determine what is best for not just one department but for all parties involved.With a macro perspective of the company the business intelligence units are able to impact broad free radicalings of departments. This in itself is a big benefit to the company as a whole. The reason for this is because the improved processes help promote better interaction between departments. This is like connecting various standalone silos to each other with an agreed on process.An article that addresses this departmental impact comes straight from the Business Intelligence Journal. The whole premise of the article is the authors argue that by assimilatory business intelligence units into departments these units can change the departments core business practices. This can be done by embedding individuals from the business intelligence department into other departments through the company (Elbashir Williams , 2007).The authors lay out a plan for making sure the company gets the best benefit when the embed business intelligence personnel in a different department. The authors talk about how it is important to make sure an understanding of the units function is clearly laid down before the unit is implemented. The importance of this is that the departments understand the business intelligence units are not directly under the units they are embedded in.The article makes it clear that to make the relationship work between the BI unit and the department the BI unit cannot be under the department they are servicing. The rational for this is that if the BI unit is under their own department they will be less inclined to esteem a department when building a business process for multiple departments. This is important because it allows the business intelligence employees to say no to things that might be requested out of ignorance or selfishness.The second step for success when embedding a BI unit is to establish therelationship. The authors describe how important it is to set up the way communication is supposed to occur. In most situations it is important to have the directors of the department as the individuals responsible for setting up the proper channels. The benefit of this is that it forces employees to acknowledge the support of the departments directors. This means the BI unit will be able to get the information they need from department employees to formulate effective business process improvements (Elbashir Williams , 2007).The final piece that the article discusses is how much leeway the BI unit has to make departmental decisions. In some cases the BI unit make most improvement decisions based on technology understanding and departmental trust. In others the unit has little leeway and requires approvals from the department t o enact improvements. Whichever way the process is set up it is important to have that clearly explained and understood by all parties involved to avoid mental confusion (Elbashir Williams , 2007). Tiers of maturity. In the business intelligence community there are various levels of maturity associated based on the length of time the unit has been in service to the company. Each of these levels are determined based on the progress the unit has made. These level begin at inception and end at forecasting. It is important to bonk these levels to determine the progress the department is making in the company that it is being utilized in.These levels are broken out into three specific categories. These are the inception phase, the break even stage, and the forecasting stage. Each of these stages is unique and presents its own set of challenges to the business intelligence unit. The most critical phase is the inception phase. Since this phase is what spawns the impact that the BI unit makes it is critical that it goes well.During the inception phase of the unit the challenges presented center on assimilation to the company. The unit must be able to find their place within the work environment if they are going to effective in the company. By analyzing company needs prior to actually meeting and planning with departments the unit can have a head start on how to make an immediateimpact on their departmental customers.The second tier is thoroughly described in an article by a group of authors writing for Information Technology and Management. This group of authors describes how the second phase of maturity is centered on getting to a point of break even. This term refers to the business intelligence unit being able to complete/automate enough critical tasks that they are able to look begin forecasting (Zeng Duan, 2012).During this second phase the authors stress the importance of consistency and performance. These two ideas are what the authors believe drive the un it towards a proactive mindset and away from a reactive mindset. This transition of thought processes is what make this phase important. Once a unit can break though to a state of mind that is forward looking they can begin to develop ideas that will prevent problems before they happen and predict future opportunities before they occur (Zeng Duan, 2012).The final phase is briefly addressed in the article and deals with the forecasting and future opportunities phase. This is tier of maturity that each business intelligence unit strives to get to at some point in its existence. With this phase the unit is able to think more creatively and follow leads and trails into data that could provide beneficial to the company (Zeng Duan, 2012).The conclusion makes a final point in regards to the level of maturity. The point made is that these levels once win are not concrete. With the ever changing needs of the company as well as the creation of new technologies the department can easily wav er between different tiers. The authors suggest that having a proactive approach is the best way to stay at the highest level of maturity for the longest periods of time (Zeng Duan, 2012). market perspectiveThe final point of this literature review centers on the industries perception of business intelligence as a whole. This perception is what drives the demand for business intelligence within the workforce. Ifindustry believe the benefit of a business intelligence department is greater than the cost then demand for these units will be high. If the value garnered is perceived as minimal then the field will falter. The real question that the marketplace has been ask falls on longevity. There has been speculation the technology will eventually push this field out into the cold. This would be done by platforms that mimic the various functions and responsibilities that are currently being held by business intelligence employees. If this happens the need for large quantities of analy sts would no longer be needed. An article written by Chen talks about the perspective of business intelligence by outside entities. He looks at how a business intelligence unit can provide a free-enterprise(a) emolument to a company based on the agility it pass ons.He argues that by having units that can provide data quickly the competitive advantage created is enough to sway popular opinion into the positive (Chen, 2012). Chen talks about the need for business intelligence units and his belief that the agility of these units will continue to drive demand. His entire argument is based on the units ability to adapt to new technology and processes quickly enough to afford decision makers consistent windows of opportunity. Chens belief is that no matter how advanced technology gets the need for individuals to understand and communicate it to decision makers will always be needed. Chen concludes by describing how business intelligence units need to maintain a high level of flexibilit y. He addresses the issue of complacency and warns that if laziness locomote into the department then shifting technology will engulf the department. The real value is the ability to quickly analyze and develop a well thought out process that improves the current one using the existing resources at their disposal (Chen, 2012).ConclusionBusiness intelligence at its very core is business process improvement. This can be done through many different ways but the concept never changes. An individual working in a business intelligence department always ask the question, How can I make this process better? This simple phrase is the core of what business intelligence is and what it will always be. There are many companies that understand the importance of business intelligence. These companies have realised how important it is to strive for a lean workenvironment. This is achieved by isolating areas of work that can be automated or improved through the efforts of business intelligence uni ts. The impact that can be made by tasking a unit to think through a process from every perspective and redesign it to meet current needs can be a massive benefit.In conclusion, there are many areas in which business intelligence can be utilized to benefit a company. From data management to data security business intelligence departments are meeting the needs of companies as straightaways technology moves faster and faster into the future. It remains to be seen whether these units will become a staple of the workplace but their current impact has been instrumental to the information technology industry as a whole.ReferenceBank of america company statistics. (2014, March 3). Retrieved from http//www.statisticbrain.com/bank-of-america-company-statistics/ BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE Internal communication probity is critical to business success. (2001, Jun 29). M2 PresswireRetrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/444695082?accountid=12085 Chen, X. (2012). Impact of business intell igence and IT infrastructure flexibility on competitive advantage An organizational agility perspective. (Order No. 3522073, The University of Nebraska Lincoln). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 124. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1035336826?accountid=12085. (1035336826). Computer software business data analysis provides key to delivering successful workforce planning strategies. (2012).Marketing Weekly News, , 286. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/926791455?accountid=12085 Debes, H. (2005). Business intelligence for the bottom line. Energy Markets, 10(4), 36-38. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/228760265?accountid=12085 Elbashir, M., Williams, S. (2007, Fourth). BI impact The assimilation of business intelligence into core business processes.Business Intelligence Journal, 12, 45-54. Retrieved fromhttp//search.proquest.com/docview/222617043?accountid=12085 Jordan, J., Ellen, C. (2009). Business need, data and business intelli gence. Journal of Digital Asset Management, 5(1), 10-20. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1057/dam.2008.53 King, E. (1998, October). The business intelligence technology shift. Enterprise Systems Journal, 13(10), 17+. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA21260167v=2.1u=vic_libertyit=rp=CDBsw=wasid=6f3bfaa58245586c92ea5fb6ad499092 Rowe, D. (2000). Business intelligence trend leads DBMS growth. Technology in Government, 7(4), 17. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/206108771?accountid=12085 Rudin, K. (2007). On-demand business intelligence. DM Review, 17(8), 26. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/214676633?accountid=12085 Schwartz, S. (2007). BI 2.0 the next generation of business intelligence tools will be integrated within business processes themselves, enabling improved forecasting and real-time data analysis. Insurance Technology, 32(4), 41-44. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/229300747?accountid=12085 Vinekar, V., Teng, J. T. C., Chennamaneni, A. (2009). The interaction of business intelligence and knowledge management in organizational decision-making. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 18(2), 143-159. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/205859311?accountid=12085Zeng, L., Li, L., Duan, L. (2012). Business intelligence in enterprise computing environment. Information Technology and Management, 13(4), 297-310. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10799-012-0123-z

Gap in Gender Pay Essay Example for Free

Gap in Gender hand EssayINTRODUCTIONAlthough wo custody atomic number 18 steadily making their mark in the business world and heading major corporations, the question remains, be they still earning slight than their phallic counterparts? Throughout time thither has been a definite difference among custody and wo custody and their median income. This wage gap cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. However, in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was signed making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to workforce and wowork force who hold the said(prenominal) job and do the said(prenominal) ferment. There whitethorn be many a(prenominal) reasons for this gap in salaries well-nigh of them may not be necessarily based on gender. The following research exit look into what causes the gap in earnings, if any, and examines various factors that may reserve an effect on the earnings of men and women.I. interrogation PURPOSEThe purpose of this research is to determine wh ether or not women who are working the same types of jobs, with the same amount of education and set about are being compensated the same as men. Although women have do a significant pace in entering the workforce and in exploring a wider range of occupations, they may still be treading behind in wages earned compared to their male counterparts. Many years ago, it was horizon that because women were not as well educated as men, did not have as much experience as men, and did not work as hard as men that the range of pay should not be the same. This is no longer true and women have been graduating from college at the same rate as men and are working just as hard as men. However, the wage gap surrounded by men and women remains and nationally, women earn 77 cents for every $1 earned by men (Head, 2008).Thus, despite a sense of continued progress toward gender equality in the workplace the gap between men and women still persists. The significance of this research issue may reveal an underlying contrast between the sexes that many may believe has narrowed. The importance in equality of gender pay is not only that it is the right(a) thing to do, but an equitable and competitive pay package improves employee recruitment and retention.This concept benefits both the employer and the employee, male or female. Nonetheless, as long as this gap remains the more likely this issue will provide a main source of debate among the organizational workforce.II. PROBLEM DEFINITIONThe study, by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, found that 10 years after college, women earn only 69% of what men earn. (USA Today, 2007) Defining the problem starts with an examination of the evidence to determine how big the gap truly is and whether discrimination is to blame. demand variables that may have an impact on male-female wage differential such as ethnic background, age, and patience will be measured. Our team will research and find out how big the gap is what could be the cause, factors such asa). Hours of work- some tend to think that men are more likely to work longer hours.b). Education levels-some tend to think that men on average is higher qualified and women induce less in their education.c). Workforce participation and experience-industries tend to think that women spend less time at work because of their domestic responsibilities to their children and family. The majority of organizations assume that young women are going to leave the workforce when they have children, and therefore will not promote them.d). Why is there such a gap between the amount on a mans paycheck compared to a womanhoods?e). Occupation type- some think women are looking at for an easy way out and they tend to seek out and cluster around a hardly a(prenominal) occupations and industries because of the tastes of employers, male employees and customers.f). Are women given the same opportunities for advancement as men?Our team will study what percentage of these factors contributes to the difference in pay between these two genders and seek to find out if discrimination plays a part in this pay gap and will the gap disappear through educational achievements.Why do woman not have equal job opportunities? Jobs held by women pay less than jobs held by men, compensate though the job requires the same education and skills. A newly hired woman will get a lower paying assignment than a man who started working there the same time for the same employer. Not only that also, women do not receive the equal chances in promotions like men. Equal pay has been an issue for all working women for the past few decades.III. RESEARCH guessworkWhile some studies may reflect a sense of continued progress towards gender equality in the workplace, the federal government currently confirms that the workplace earnings gap amongst men and women is still plethoric today (About Management.Com). It is the educated guess of this team that men are pa id at a good increased rate for performance in positions than women are paid to operate in those same positions. This venture is deducted from observations made from current work situations, random peer discussions, and updated articles.More than forty years after the national Equal Pay Act, hard working women are still being paid less than men are on the job. There are numerous speculations that can be made in an assay to explain this is behavior, such as career selections being made by men and women. Women tend to confine decisions about employment based on convenience, meaning that women migrate to positions that will allow for them to maintain a active home life and still maintain a 40 hour work week, whereas men will more than likely trade an active home life for longer work hours, arctic risks, frequent travel, longer work hours and extended commuting times to make the higher pay. While these practices may not be fair, they are a reality.The research provided in this pap er will lead to tercet possible outcomes it will either prove that men are paid at higher order than women to operate in the same or similar positions, women are paid at higher rate than men to operate in the same or similar position, or men and women break even when it comes to wages and position.ReferencesHead, Lauren Lawley. (2008, April 23). Pay Gap Worth Steaming Over Bizwomen.com.Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http//www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/index.php/2008/04/23/pay-gap-worth-steaming-over/Coutts, Justin. (2004, February). Policy Backgrounder, Business Roundtable. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http//www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/ indemnity/policy-2004/PB_No1.pdfArndt, Bettina. (2006,October 16). Herald Sun.com. Why Men are paid More. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http//www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20586168-5000117,00.html

The Psychometrical Properties of the De-Sypher Personality Questionnaire Test Essay Example for Free

The Psychometrical Properties of the De-Sypher temper Questionnaire Test EssayIntroduction Psychometrical Psychology is concerned with the mensuration of human port through ravels. Psychometrists origination and administer intelligence, aptitude, and genius trials and analyze statistical data derived from these tests. Personality is a persons characteristics behavior pattern. Many people think of record as creation made up observable traits such(prenominal) as shyness, friendliness, and initiative. However, such traits argon only the extinctward expression of various inner conditions and processes such as intelligence, attitudes, interests, and motives. Many psychologists include these inner elements in their definitions of disposition. Normal persons ruin relatively consistent personalities that are imposing by certain dominant traits. Persons belonging to the same cultural groupsuch as family or nation pick up many traits in common. But each person exhibits unali ke traits under assorted circumstances, and each has unique traits as well as those he or she addresss with others. It is overly known that personalities fail throughout life, and may so far undergo fundamental changes as a result of psychotherapy or other treatment (Moskowitz, 2005). For these reasons, psychologists do non believe that personalities mint be rigidly classified check to type. Background How Personality is formulaed Personality is produced by the interaction of heredity and surround. Inborn qualities affect the wholeness-on-ones response to the outside world, and the environment influences the way in which inborn capacities develop. However, the precise reasons why one person develops certain personality traits, while another develops other traits, are not known. Studies of personality origins are limited by the difficulty of making controlled experiments on human behavior. Except for identical twins, no deuce persons have simply the same biological inheri tance, and thus far identical twins do not share exactly the same biological inheritance, and even identical twins do not share exactly the same environment. Parents and others respond to each twin differently, providing each with a unique emotional setting. inherit Traits Inherited traits such as structure, skin color, and type of hairplay a part in personality only if attached a meaning by the environment. For example, an extremely tall boy may develop either shyness or self-confidence, according to whether he is teased beca character of his height or praised for using it to emolument in playing basketball. The structure and function of the nervous and glandular systems are inherited qualities having a much direct effect upon personality. Intelligence, talents, and skills are largely dependent upon these systems. However, the effects of even these qualities can be circumscribed by the environment (Dana, 1999).External Influences External Influences include both physical env ironment (climate, geography) and social environment (other individuals, and human institutions). Social influences are considered to be a greater importance in personality formation. close to psychologists believe that basic personality traits are acquired in early childhood, and that the family is therefore of primary importance in forming an individuals personality. Wider cultural groups such as tribes and nations set up rules, values, and goals, and thus influence personality formation. Diversity within large groups is produced by subcultures such as social and economic classes and religious groups.III. news Definition of personality Psychologists have approached these tasks using a wide variety of research methods (Craik, 2005). Knowledge more or less peoples personalities can be obtained from their everyday conduct, as is the case in field studies. multitude also reveal themselves through the products of their imaginations, and this technique is employ when personality te sts known as projective tests are given to people. A straightforward approach to gathering personality data is to ask people to fill out self-report inventories almost their characteristics.With this method, two risks are apparent People may not be fully conscious of what they are like and if they are, they may wish to cover up some of the flaws they perceive. We gain information of a different sort about personality when we ask others for their impressions of specific people.This technique is known as the routine of observer reports in research. Life histories, such as those biographies and autobiographies, and archival material, such as Van van Goghs letters, give a rich source of data on particular individuals for the work of personality. clinical case histories, on which many of the major(ip) theories are based, fall into this category. The most carefully controlled information is maximized in laboratory studies it is somemultiplication at the expense of naturalistic experi ences. No single source of information about personality is the ideal, correct source. All these methods are important for obtaining information about personality. Published research on personality, however, relies heavily on self-report inventories and laboratory studies with limited samples of people. Between 1990 and 2000, 85% of the research published in major journals used these two methods, and approximately two thirds of the research used undergraduate samples (Craik, 2005). However, there has been a course of action in recent years toward greater use of biographical material, sometimes referred to as psychobiography, in the study of personality (Alexander, 2000). Assessment of personality Most people have implicit views of what personality is, just as they have implicit definitions of intelligence. Many different theories of personality exist. Different theories of personality have been based on different givens about human nature on studies with diverse populationsclients seeking treatment, healthy, and happy adults, rats and pigeons and on different focuses of analysis, such as emotions, behaviors, and cognitions. Assessment of personality characteristics therefore depends heavily upon which type of personality theory is selected as the focus of study. Psychoanalytic theorists, for example, who subscribe to notions of the power they believe that major elements of personality are hidden even from the individual under study, only indirect methods of assessment are appropriate.Behaviorists, on the other hand, are in all probability to approach personality directly by observing characteristics behaviors. Psychoanalytic theorists are more likely to looking for traits behaviorists are more likely to look for situational measures for personality. The assessment of personality is, therefore, a complicated business. Indeed, the enterprise of assessing personality is big business. There are now hundreds of tests designed to measure aspects of human persona lity (Piotrowski, 2004).Self-Report Inventories The most habitual used instruments for assessing personality are self-report inventories, which require individuals to answer a series of questions about themselves. One assumption underlying self-report inventories is that people know themselves better than anyone else knows them, and that they are therefore in the best position to provide personality information. Self-report inventories often wear a very large number of items that can be classify into various categories of personal functioning (Janis, 1999).The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory The most widely used self-report armory is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI, which we briefly described earlier. The MMPI consists of more than 500 statements the individuals must respond to as being either true or false with respect to themselves, or indicate that they cannot say. The items cover a very large territory, ranging from family and marital issu es to psychosomatic symptoms and political attitudes. Three sample items are At times I fell like swearing. I like to flirt. I believe I am being plotted against. The MMPI yields scores on the 10 subscales and 3 response-tendency subscales. The MMPI is described as an empirical scale, which means that the items actually differentiate among groups of people. The MMPI differentiates between those who have been diagnosed as abnormal and those who have not. The procedure for establishing an empirical scale is fair straightforward.A group of clinical patients is selected to come the test. Their pattern of answers to the questions is compared to that of a group of normal individuals who also take the test. Items that differentiate between the two groups then form the basis for that subscale. With the MMPI, for example, paranoid patients are much more likely than normal people to answer true to the item I believe I am being plotted against. There is often some logic to the grouping of i tems, as in the antedate example however, as long as they differentiate between the grouped empirically, items can be include on the subscale whether or not demonstrate any theoretical relevance (MacDonald, 2004). The MMPI has proved to be an staggeringly popular test that has gone beyond its original purpose of differentiating between individuals. Today it is frequently used as a test of personality functioning for normal populations. The subscales consist of items grouped under mislead or even obsolete labels, however. Because of the purposes of the test have shifted, and because technical problems with the test and its standardization have arisen, the MMPI has undergone revision.Items have been updated and reworded to eliminate sexist language. The original item pool has been supplemented with about 150 new items, and the entire test is being standardized in two forms, one for adolescents and one for adults (Anastasi, 2000). New items on the adult form address areas of psychopa thology that were not covered in the original, and the adolescent form covers specific problems of adolescence.Other Self-Report Inventories A host of other self-report inventories assess characteristics that are related to personality. These include personality inventories for use with normal individuals, such as the California Psychological Inventory sex-role inventories, such as the Bem Sex-Role Inventory values scales, such as the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and even scales designed to assess the need for thrill seeking, such as Zuckermans Sensation Seeking Scale.All self-report inventories are similar in that individuals fill out the scales about themselves. They also share a common problem in that many of the characteristics can be faked (Korchin, 2001). It is usually patent which answer is most socially desirable, so that an individual who is motivated to do so can fill only the desirable answers, in order to look good. In some cases an individual might even want to pick the answers likely to make him or her look bad, as in the case of a person charged with a crime who wanted to be judged insane. Some self-report inventories, most notably the MMPI, contain a lie scale, several items that almost everyone who is telling the truth would answer as false. (Potential lie-scale items might be I never tell a lie or I have never been black with a close relative.) A person who answers a large proportion of these items as true is presume to be lying on the other parts of the test as well. The MMPI correction score is unruffled of a set of items that indicate attempts by the test taker to fake a good score (Morgan, 1999). cultivation Self-report inventories are easily administered and provide a quick assessment of some aspects of personality. Their very ease of use has led to a problem of overuse. Some employers, for example, require personality tests such as the MMPI before an employee can be hired. The test was never designed as a screening devic e for employment and should not be used for such purposes. The availability of computer-based scoring and interpretation of the MMPI increases the risks for such abuse, because interpretation is complex and should be done only by trained clinicians.ReferenceAlexander, I. (2000). Personality, psychological assessment, and psychobiography. Journal of Personality, 56, 265-294.Anastasi, A. (2000). Psychological testing (10th edition). Evolving concepts of test validation. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 1-15.Craik, K. (2005). Personality research methods An historical perspective. Journal of Personality, 54, 18-51.Dana, R.H. (1999). The Rorschach. In O.K. Buros (Ed.). The eighth mental measurement yearbook (pp. 1040-1042). Highland Park, NJ Gryphon press.Janis, I.L. (1999). Personality Dynamics, development, and assessment. New York Harcourt, Brace World.Korchin, S.J. (2001). The future of clinical assessment. American Psychologist, 36, 1147-1158.MacDonald, K. (2004). Bridging the gap Parent-child play interaction and peer interactive competence. Child Development, 55, 1265-1277.Morgan, A.H. (1999). A method of investigating fantasies The thematic Apperception Test. Archives Neurological Psychiatry, 34, 289-306.Moskowitz, D. (2005). Comparison of self-reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and behavioral observation data. Journal of Personality, 54, 294-317.Piotrowski, C. (2004). Pscyhodiagnostic testing in APA-approved clinical psychology programs. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 15, 450-456.